CARM1 inhibitors and uses thereof

ABSTRACT

Provided herein are compounds of Formula (I): 
                         
and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and pharmaceutical compositions thereof; wherein X, R 1 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , are as defined herein, and Ring HET is a 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring system of formula:
 
                         
wherein L 2 , R 13 , G 8 , G 10 , G 11 , and G 12  are as defined herein. Compounds of the present invention are useful for inhibiting CARM1 activity. Methods of using the compounds for treating CARM1-mediated disorders are also described.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application, U.S. Ser. No. 61/794,442, filed Mar. 15, 2013, the entire contents of which is incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Epigenetic regulation of gene expression is an important biological determinant of protein production and cellular differentiation and plays a significant pathogenic role in a number of human diseases.

Epigenetic regulation involves heritable modification of genetic material without changing its nucleotide sequence. Typically, epigenetic regulation is mediated by selective and reversible modification (e.g., methylation) of DNA and proteins (e.g., histones) that control the conformational transition between transcriptionally active and inactive states of chromatin. These covalent modifications can be controlled by enzymes such as methyltransferases (e.g., CARM1 (co-activator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1; PRMT4)), many of which are associated with specific genetic alterations that can cause human disease.

Disease-associated chromatin-modifying enzymes play a role in diseases such as proliferative disorders, autoimmune disorders, muscular disorders, and neurological disorders. Thus, there is a need for the development of small molecules that are capable of inhibiting the activity of CARM1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN EMBODIMENTS

CARM1 is an attractive target for modulation given its role in the regulation of diverse biological processes. It has now been found that compounds described herein, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and compositions thereof, are effective as inhibitors of CARM1. Such compounds have the general Formula (I):

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and pharmaceutical compositions thereof; wherein X, R¹, R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), R^(2d), are as defined herein, and wherein Ring HET is a 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring system of Formula:

wherein L², R¹³, G₈, G₁₀, G₁₁, and G₁₂ are as defined herein.

In some embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions are provided which comprise a compound described herein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

In certain embodiments, compounds described herein inhibit activity of CARM1. In certain embodiments, methods of inhibiting CARM1 are provided which comprise contacting CARM1 with an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The CARM1 may be purified or crude, and may be present in a cell, tissue, or a subject. Thus, such methods encompass inhibition of CARM1 activity both in vitro and in vivo. In certain embodiments, the CARM1 is wild-type CARM1. In certain embodiments, the CARM1 is overexpressed. In certain embodiments, the CARM1 is a mutant. In certain embodiments, the CARM1 is in a cell. In certain embodiments, the CARM1 is in an animal, e.g., a human. In some embodiments, the CARM1 is expressed at normal levels in a subject, but the subject would benefit from CARM1 inhibition (e.g., because the subject has one or more mutations in an CARM1 substrate that causes an increase in methylation of the substrate with normal levels of CARM1). In some embodiments, the CARM1 is in a subject known or identified as having abnormal CARM1 activity (e.g., overexpression). In some embodiments, a provided compound is selective for CARM1 over other methyltransferases. In certain embodiments, a provided compound is at least about 10-fold selective, at least about 20-fold selective, at least about 30-fold selective, at least about 40-fold selective, at least about 50-fold selective, at least about 60-fold selective, at least about 70-fold selective, at least about 80-fold selective, at least about 90-fold selective, or at least about 100-fold selective relative to one or more other methyltransferases.

In certain embodiments, methods of modulating gene expression or activity in a cell are provided which comprise contacting a cell with an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. In certain embodiments, the cell in culture in vitro. In certain embodiments, cell is in an animal, e.g., a human.

In certain embodiments, methods of modulating transcription in a cell are provided which comprise contacting a cell with an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. In certain embodiments, the cell in culture in vitro. In certain embodiments, the cell is in an animal, e.g., a human.

In some embodiments, methods of treating a CARM1-mediated disorder are provided which comprise administering to a subject suffering from a CARM1-mediated disorder an effective amount of a compound described herein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof), or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. In certain embodiments, the CARM1-mediated disorder is a proliferative disorder. In certain embodiments, compounds described herein are useful for treating cancer. In certain embodiments, compounds described herein are useful for treating breast cancer or prostate cancer. In certain embodiments, the CARM1-mediated disorder is a metabolic disorder.

Compounds described herein are also useful for the study of CARM1 in biological and pathological phenomena, the study of intracellular signal transduction pathways mediated by CARM1, and the comparative evaluation of new CARM1 inhibitors.

This application refers to various issued patent, published patent applications, journal articles, and other publications, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Definitions of specific functional groups and chemical terms are described in more detail below. The chemical elements are identified in accordance with the Periodic Table of the Elements, CAS version, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75^(th) Ed., a inside cover, and specific functional groups are generally defined as described therein. Additionally, general principles of organic chemistry, as well as specific functional moieties and reactivity, are described in Thomas Sorrell, Organic Chemistry, University Science Books, Sausalito, 1999; Smith and March, March's Advanced Organic Chemistry, 5^(th) Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 2001; Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations, VCH Publishers, Inc., New York, 1989; and Carruthers, Some Modern Methods of Organic Synthesis, 3^(rd) Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987.

Compounds described herein can comprise one or more asymmetric centers, and thus can exist in various isomeric forms, e.g., enantiomers and/or diastereomers. For example, the compounds described herein can be in the form of an individual enantiomer, diastereomer or geometric isomer, or can be in the form of a mixture of stereoisomers, including racemic mixtures and mixtures enriched in one or more stereoisomer. Isomers can be isolated from mixtures by methods known to those skilled in the art, including chiral high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the formation and crystallization of chiral salts; or preferred isomers can be prepared by asymmetric syntheses. See, for example, Jacques et al., Enantiomers, Racemates and Resolutions (Wiley Interscience, New York, 1981); Wilen et al., Tetrahedron 33:2725 (1977); Eliel, Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds (McGraw-Hill, NY, 1962); and Wilen, Tables of Resolving Agents and Optical Resolutions p. 268 (E. L. Eliel, Ed., Univ. of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, Ind. 1972). The present disclosure additionally encompasses compounds described herein as individual isomers substantially free of other isomers, and alternatively, as mixtures of various isomers.

Unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant to include compounds that differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms. For example, compounds having the present structures except for the replacement of hydrogen by deuterium or tritium, replacement of ¹⁹F with ¹⁸F, or the replacement of a carbon by a ¹³C- or ¹⁴C-enriched carbon are within the scope of the disclosure. Such compounds are useful, for example, as analytical tools or probes in biological assays.

When a range of values is listed, it is intended to encompass each value and sub-range within the range. For example “C₁₋₆ alkyl” is intended to encompass, C₁, C₂, C₃, C₄, C₅, C₆, C₁₋₆, C₁₋₅, C₁₋₄, C₁₋₃, C₁₋₂, C₂₋₆, C₂₋₅, C₂₋₄, C₂₋₃, C₃₋₆, C₃₋₅, C₃₋₄, C₄₋₆, C₄₋₅, and C₅₋₆ alkyl.

“Aliphatic” refers to alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and carbocyclic groups.

“Alkyl” refers to a radical of a straight-chain or branched saturated hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₂₀ alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 10 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₁₀ alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 9 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₉ alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 8 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₈ alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 7 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₇ alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 6 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₆ alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 5 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₅ alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 4 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₄ alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 3 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₃ alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 2 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₂ alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 carbon atom (“C₁ alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₆ alkyl”). Examples of C₁₋₆ alkyl groups include methyl (C₁), ethyl (C₂), n-propyl (C₃), isopropyl (C₃), n-butyl (C₄), tert-butyl (C₄), sec-butyl (C₄), iso-butyl (C₄), n-pentyl (C₅), 3-pentanyl (C₅), amyl (C₅), neopentyl (C₅), 3-methyl-2-butanyl (C₅), tertiary amyl (C₅), and n-hexyl (C₆). Additional examples of alkyl groups include n-heptyl (C₇), n-octyl (C₈) and the like. In certain embodiments, each instance of an alkyl group is independently optionally substituted, e.g., unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted alkyl”) or substituted (a “substituted alkyl”) with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the alkyl group is unsubstituted C₁₋₁₀ alkyl (e.g., —CH₃). In certain embodiments, the alkyl group is substituted C₁₋₁₀ alkyl.

In some embodiments, an alkyl group is substituted with one or more halogens. “Perhaloalkyl” is a substituted alkyl group as defined herein wherein all of the hydrogen atoms are independently replaced by a halogen, e.g., fluoro, bromo, chloro, or iodo. In some embodiments, the alkyl moiety has 1 to 8 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₈ perhaloalkyl”). In some embodiments, the alkyl moiety has 1 to 6 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₆ perhaloalkyl”). In some embodiments, the alkyl moiety has 1 to 4 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₄ perhaloalkyl”). In some embodiments, the alkyl moiety has 1 to 3 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₃ perhaloalkyl”). In some embodiments, the alkyl moiety has 1 to 2 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₂ perhaloalkyl”). In some embodiments, all of the hydrogen atoms are replaced with fluoro. In some embodiments, all of the hydrogen atoms are replaced with chloro. Examples of perhaloalkyl groups include —CF₃, —CF₂CF₃, —CF₂CF₂CF₃, —CCl₃, —CFCl₂, —CF₂Cl, and the like.

“Alkenyl” refers to a radical of a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon group having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms, one or more carbon-carbon double bonds (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 double bonds), and optionally one or more triple bonds (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 triple bonds) (“C₂₋₂₀ alkenyl”). In certain embodiments, alkenyl does not comprise triple bonds. In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 10 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 9 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₉ alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 8 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₈ alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 7 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₇ alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₆ alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 5 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₅ alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 4 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₄ alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 3 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₃ alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 carbon atoms (“C₂ alkenyl”). The one or more carbon-carbon double bonds can be internal (such as in 2-butenyl) or terminal (such as in 1-butenyl). Examples of C₂₋₄ alkenyl groups include ethenyl (C₂), 1-propenyl (C₃), 2-propenyl (C₃), 1-butenyl (C₄), 2-butenyl (C₄), butadienyl (C₄), and the like. Examples of C₂₋₆ alkenyl groups include the aforementioned C₂₋₄ alkenyl groups as well as pentenyl (C₅), pentadienyl (C₅), hexenyl (C₆), and the like. Additional examples of alkenyl include heptenyl (C₇), octenyl (C₈), octatrienyl (C₈), and the like. In certain embodiments, each instance of an alkenyl group is independently optionally substituted, e.g., unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted alkenyl”) or substituted (a “substituted alkenyl”) with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the alkenyl group is unsubstituted C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl. In certain embodiments, the alkenyl group is substituted C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl.

“Alkynyl” refers to a radical of a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon group having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms and one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 triple bonds), and optionally one or more double bonds (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 double bonds) (“C₂₋₂₀ alkynyl”). In certain embodiments, alkynyl does not comprise double bonds. In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 10 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 9 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₉ alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 8 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₈ alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 7 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₇ alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₆ alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 5 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₅ alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 4 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₄ alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 3 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₃ alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 carbon atoms (“C₂ alkynyl”). The one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds can be internal (such as in 2-butynyl) or terminal (such as in 1-butynyl). Examples of C₂₋₄ alkynyl groups include, without limitation, ethynyl (C₂), 1-propynyl (C₃), 2-propynyl (C₃), 1-butynyl (C₄), 2-butynyl (C₄), and the like. Examples of C₂₋₆ alkenyl groups include the aforementioned C₂₋₄ alkynyl groups as well as pentynyl (C₅), hexynyl (C₆), and the like. Additional examples of alkynyl include heptynyl (C₇), octynyl (C₈), and the like. In certain embodiments, each instance of an alkynyl group is independently optionally substituted, e.g., unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted alkynyl”) or substituted (a “substituted alkynyl”) with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the alkynyl group is unsubstituted C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl. In certain embodiments, the alkynyl group is substituted C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl.

“Carbocyclyl” or “carbocyclic” refers to a radical of a non-aromatic cyclic hydrocarbon group having from 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms (“C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl”) and zero heteroatoms in the non-aromatic ring system. In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 3 to 8 ring carbon atoms (“C₃₋₈ carbocyclyl”). In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 3 to 7 ring carbon atoms (“C₃₋₇ carbocyclyl”). In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C₃₋₆ carbocyclyl”). In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 5 to 10 ring carbon atoms (“C₅₋₁₀ carbocyclyl”). Exemplary C₃₋₆ carbocyclyl groups include, without limitation, cyclopropyl (C₃), cyclopropenyl (C₃), cyclobutyl (C₄), cyclobutenyl (C₄), cyclopentyl (C₅), cyclopentenyl (C₅), cyclohexyl (C₆), cyclohexenyl (C₆), cyclohexadienyl (C₆), and the like. Exemplary C₃₋₈ carbocyclyl groups include, without limitation, the aforementioned C₃₋₆ carbocyclyl groups as well as cycloheptyl (C₇), cycloheptenyl (C₇), cycloheptadienyl (C₇), cycloheptatrienyl (C₇), cyclooctyl (C₈), cyclooctenyl (C₈), bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl (C₇), bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl (C₈), and the like. Exemplary C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl groups include, without limitation, the aforementioned C₃₋₈ carbocyclyl groups as well as cyclononyl (C₉), cyclononenyl (C₉), cyclodecyl (C₁₀), cyclodecenyl (C₁₀), octahydro-1H-indenyl (C₉), decahydronaphthalenyl (C₁₀), spiro[4.5]decanyl (C₁₀), and the like. As the foregoing examples illustrate, in certain embodiments, the carbocyclyl group is either monocyclic (“monocyclic carbocyclyl”) or contain a fused, bridged or spiro ring system such as a bicyclic system (“bicyclic carbocyclyl”) or tricyclic system (“tricyclic carbocyclyl”), and can be saturated or can be partially unsaturated. “Carbocyclyl” also includes ring systems wherein the carbocyclyl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more aryl or heteroaryl groups wherein the point of attachment is on the carbocyclyl ring, and in such instances, the number of carbons continue to designate the number of carbons in the carbocyclic ring system. In certain embodiments, each instance of a carbocyclyl group is independently optionally substituted, e.g., unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted carbocyclyl”) or substituted (a “substituted carbocyclyl”) with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the carbocyclyl group is unsubstituted C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, the carbocyclyl group is a substituted C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl.

In some embodiments, “carbocyclyl” is a monocyclic, saturated carbocyclyl group having from 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms (“C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl”). In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 3 to 8 ring carbon atoms (“C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl”). In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl”). In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 5 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C₅₋₆ cycloalkyl”). In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 5 to 10 ring carbon atoms (“C₅₋₁₀ cycloalkyl”). Examples of C₅₋₆ cycloalkyl groups include cyclopentyl (C₅) and cyclohexyl (C₅). Examples of C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl groups include the aforementioned C₅₋₆ cycloalkyl groups as well as cyclopropyl (C₃) and cyclobutyl (C₄). Examples of C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl groups include the aforementioned C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl groups as well as cycloheptyl (C₇) and cyclooctyl (C₈). In certain embodiments, each instance of a cycloalkyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted cycloalkyl”) or substituted (a “substituted cycloalkyl”) with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the cycloalkyl group is unsubstituted C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl. In certain embodiments, the cycloalkyl group is substituted C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl.

“Heterocyclyl” or “heterocyclic” refers to a radical of a 3- to 10-membered non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1 to 4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“3-10 membered heterocyclyl”). In heterocyclyl groups that contain one or more nitrogen atoms, the point of attachment can be a carbon or nitrogen atom, as valency permits. A heterocyclyl group can either be monocyclic (“monocyclic heterocyclyl”) or a fused, bridged or spiro ring system such as a bicyclic system (“bicyclic heterocyclyl”) or tricyclic system (“tricyclic heterocyclyl”), and can be saturated or can be partially unsaturated. Heterocyclyl bicyclic ring systems can include one or more heteroatoms in one or both rings. “Heterocyclyl” also includes ring systems wherein the heterocyclyl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more carbocyclyl groups wherein the point of attachment is either on the carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl ring, or ring systems wherein the heterocyclyl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more aryl or heteroaryl groups, wherein the point of attachment is on the heterocyclyl ring, and in such instances, the number of ring members continue to designate the number of ring members in the heterocyclyl ring system. In certain embodiments, each instance of heterocyclyl is independently optionally substituted, e.g., unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted heterocyclyl”) or substituted (a “substituted heterocyclyl”) with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the heterocyclyl group is unsubstituted 3-10 membered heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, the heterocyclyl group is substituted 3-10 membered heterocyclyl.

In some embodiments, a heterocyclyl group is a 5-10 membered nonaromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-10 membered heterocyclyl”). In some embodiments, a heterocyclyl group is a 5-8 membered nonaromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-8 membered heterocyclyl”). In some embodiments, a heterocyclyl group is a 5-6 membered nonaromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-6 membered heterocyclyl”). In some embodiments, the 5-6 membered heterocyclyl has 1-3 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, the 5-6 membered heterocyclyl has 1-2 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, the 5-6 membered heterocyclyl has one ring heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.

Exemplary 3-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, azirdinyl, oxiranyl, and thiorenyl. Exemplary 4-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, azetidinyl, oxetanyl, and thietanyl. Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, dihydrothiophenyl, pyrrolidinyl, dihydropyrrolyl, and pyrrolyl-2,5-dione. Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups containing two heteroatoms include, without limitation, dioxolanyl, oxasulfuranyl, disulfuranyl, and oxazolidin-2-one. Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups containing three heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazolinyl, oxadiazolinyl, and thiadiazolinyl. Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, piperidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dihydropyridinyl, and thianyl. Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups containing two heteroatoms include, without limitation, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, dithianyl, and dioxanyl. Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups containing two heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazinanyl. Exemplary 7-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, azepanyl, oxepanyl and thiepanyl. Exemplary 8-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, azocanyl, oxecanyl, and thiocanyl. Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups fused to a C₆ aryl ring (also referred to herein as a 5,6-bicyclic heterocyclic ring) include, without limitation, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, dihydrobenzothienyl, benzoxazolinonyl, and the like. Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups fused to an aryl ring (also referred to herein as a 6,6-bicyclic heterocyclic ring) include, without limitation, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, and the like.

“Aryl” refers to a radical of a monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., bicyclic or tricyclic) 4n+2 aromatic ring system (e.g., having 6, 10, or 14π electrons shared in a cyclic array) having 6-14 ring carbon atoms and zero heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system (“C₆₋₁₄ aryl”). In some embodiments, an aryl group has six ring carbon atoms (“C₆ aryl”; e.g., phenyl). In some embodiments, an aryl group has ten ring carbon atoms (“C₁₀ aryl”; e.g., naphthyl such as 1-naphthyl and 2-naphthyl). In some embodiments, an aryl group has fourteen ring carbon atoms (“C₁₄ aryl”; e.g., anthracyl). “Aryl” also includes ring systems wherein the aryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl groups wherein the radical or point of attachment is on the aryl ring, and in such instances, the number of carbon atoms continue to designate the number of carbon atoms in the aryl ring system. In certain embodiments, each instance of an aryl group is independently optionally substituted, e.g., unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted aryl”) or substituted (a “substituted aryl”) with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the aryl group is unsubstituted C₆₋₁₄ aryl. In certain embodiments, the aryl group is substituted C₆₋₁₄ aryl.

“Heteroaryl” refers to a radical of a 5-10 membered monocyclic or bicyclic 4n+2 aromatic ring system (e.g., having 6 or 10π electrons shared in a cyclic array) having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur (“5-10 membered heteroaryl”). In heteroaryl groups that contain one or more nitrogen atoms, the point of attachment can be a carbon or nitrogen atom, as valency permits. Heteroaryl bicyclic ring systems can include one or more heteroatoms in one or both rings. “Heteroaryl” includes ring systems wherein the heteroaryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl groups wherein the point of attachment is on the heteroaryl ring, and in such instances, the number of ring members continue to designate the number of ring members in the heteroaryl ring system. “Heteroaryl” also includes ring systems wherein the heteroaryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more aryl groups wherein the point of attachment is either on the aryl or heteroaryl ring, and in such instances, the number of ring members designates the number of ring members in the fused (arylheteroaryl) ring system. Bicyclic heteroaryl groups wherein one ring does not contain a heteroatom (e.g., indolyl, quinolinyl, carbazolyl, and the like) the point of attachment can be on either ring, e.g., either the ring bearing a heteroatom (e.g., 2-indolyl) or the ring that does not contain a heteroatom (e.g., 5-indolyl).

In some embodiments, a heteroaryl group is a 5-10 membered aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-10 membered heteroaryl”). In some embodiments, a heteroaryl group is a 5-8 membered aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-8 membered heteroaryl”). In some embodiments, a heteroaryl group is a 5-6 membered aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-6 membered heteroaryl”). In some embodiments, the 5-6 membered heteroaryl has 1-3 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, the 5-6 membered heteroaryl has 1-2 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, the 5-6 membered heteroaryl has 1 ring heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In certain embodiments, each instance of a heteroaryl group is independently optionally substituted, e.g., unsubstituted (“unsubstituted heteroaryl”) or substituted (“substituted heteroaryl”) with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the heteroaryl group is unsubstituted 5-14 membered heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, the heteroaryl group is substituted 5-14 membered heteroaryl.

Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, pyrrolyl, furanyl and thiophenyl. Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing two heteroatoms include, without limitation, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, and isothiazolyl. Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing three heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, and thiadiazolyl. Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing four heteroatoms include, without limitation, tetrazolyl. Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, pyridinyl. Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryl groups containing two heteroatoms include, without limitation, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, and pyrazinyl. Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryl groups containing three or four heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazinyl and tetrazinyl, respectively. Exemplary 7-membered heteroaryl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, azepinyl, oxepinyl, and thiepinyl. Exemplary 5,6-bicyclic heteroaryl groups include, without limitation, indolyl, isoindolyl, indazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzothiophenyl, isobenzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl, benzoisofuranyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzthiadiazolyl, indolizinyl, and purinyl. Exemplary 6,6-bicyclic heteroaryl groups include, without limitation, naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, quinoxalinyl, phthalazinyl, and quinazolinyl.

“Partially unsaturated” refers to a group that includes at least one double or triple bond. The term “partially unsaturated” is intended to encompass rings having multiple sites of unsaturation, but is not intended to include aromatic groups (e.g., aryl or heteroaryl groups) as herein defined. Likewise, “saturated” refers to a group that does not contain a double or triple bond, i.e., contains all single bonds.

In some embodiments, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl groups, as defined herein, are optionally substituted (e.g., “substituted” or “unsubstituted” alkyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” alkenyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” alkynyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” carbocyclyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” heterocyclyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” aryl or “substituted” or “unsubstituted” heteroaryl group). In general, the term “substituted”, whether preceded by the term “optionally” or not, means that at least one hydrogen present on a group (e.g., a carbon or nitrogen atom) is replaced with a permissible substituent, e.g., a substituent which upon substitution results in a stable compound, e.g., a compound which does not spontaneously undergo transformation such as by rearrangement, cyclization, elimination, or other reaction. Unless otherwise indicated, a “substituted” group has a substituent at one or more substitutable positions of the group, and when more than one position in any given structure is substituted, the substituent is either the same or different at each position. The term “substituted” is contemplated to include substitution with all permissible substituents of organic compounds, including any of the substituents described herein that results in the formation of a stable compound. The present disclosure contemplates any and all such combinations in order to arrive at a stable compound. For purposes of this disclosure, heteroatoms such as nitrogen may have hydrogen substituents and/or any suitable substituent as described herein which satisfy the valencies of the heteroatoms and results in the formation of a stable moiety.

Exemplary carbon atom substituents include, but are not limited to, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —N₃, —SO₂H, —SO₃H, —OH, —OR^(aa), —ON(R^(bb))₂, —N(R^(bb))₂, —N(R^(bb))₃ ⁺X⁻, —N(OR^(cc))R^(bb), —SH, —SR^(aa), —SSR^(cc), —C(═O)R^(aa), —CO₂H, —CHO, —C(OR^(cc))₂, —CO₂R^(aa), —OC(═O)R^(aa), —OCO₂R^(aa), —C(═O)N(R^(bb))₂, —OC(═O)N(R^(bb))₂, —NR^(bb)C(═O)R^(aa), —NR^(bb)CO₂R^(aa), —NR^(bb)C(═O)N(R^(bb))₂, —C(═NR^(bb))R^(aa), —C(═NR^(bb))OR^(aa), —OC(═NR^(bb))R^(aa), —OC(═NR^(bb))OR^(aa), —C(═NR^(bb))N(R^(bb))₂, —OC(═NR^(bb))N(R^(bb))₂, —NR^(bb)C(═NR^(bb))N(R^(bb))₂, —C(═O)NR^(bb)SO₂R^(aa), —NR^(bb)SO₂R^(aa), —SO₂N(R^(bb))₂, —SO₂R^(aa), —SO₂OR^(aa), —OSO₂R^(aa), —S(═O)R^(aa), —OS(═O)R^(aa), —Si(R^(aa))₃, —OSi(R^(aa))₃—C(═S)N(R^(bb))₂, —C(═O)SR^(aa), —C(═S)SR^(aa), —SC(═S)SR^(aa), —SC(═O)SR^(aa), —OC(═O)SR^(aa), —SC(═O)OR^(aa), —SC(═O)R^(aa), —P(═O)₂R^(aa), —OP(═O)₂R^(aa), —P(═O)(R^(aa))₂, —OP(═O)(R^(aa))₂, —OP(═O)(OR^(cc))₂, —P(═O)₂N(R^(bb))₂, —OP(═O)₂N(R^(bb))₂, —P(═O)(NR^(bb))₂, —OP(═O)(NR^(bb))₂, —NR^(bb)P(═O)(OR^(cc))₂, —NR^(bb)P(═O)(NR^(bb))₂, —P(R^(cc))₂, —P(R^(cc))₃, —OP(R^(cc))₂, —OP(R^(cc))₃, —B(R^(aa))₂, —B(OR^(cc))₂, —BR^(aa)(OR^(cc)), C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₁₋₁₀ perhaloalkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C₆₋₁₄ aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^(dd) groups;

or two geminal hydrogens on a carbon atom are replaced with the group ═O, ═S, ═NN(R^(bb))₂, ═NNR^(bb)C(═O)R^(aa), ═NNR^(bb)C(═O)OR^(aa), ═NNR^(bb)S(═O)₂R^(aa), ═NR^(bb), or ═NOR^(cc);

each instance of R^(aa) is, independently, selected from C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₁₋₁₀ perhaloalkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C₆₋₁₄ aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, or two R^(aa) groups are joined to form a 3-14 membered heterocyclyl or 5-14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^(dd) groups;

each instance of R^(bb) is, independently, selected from hydrogen, —OH, —OR^(aa), —N(R^(cc))₂, —CN, —C(═O)R^(aa), —C(═O)N(R^(cc))₂, —CO₂R^(aa), —SO₂R^(aa), —C(═NR^(cc))OR^(aa), —C(═NR^(cc))N(R^(cc))₂, —SO₂N(R^(cc))₂, —SO₂R^(cc), —SO₂OR^(cc), —SOR^(aa), —C(═S)N(R^(cc))₂, —C(═O)SR^(cc), —C(═S)SR^(cc), —P(═O)₂R^(aa), —P(═O)(R^(aa))₂, —P(═O)₂N(R^(cc))₂, —P(═O)(NR^(cc))₂, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₁₋₁₀ perhaloalkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C₆₋₁₄ aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, or two R^(bb) groups are joined to form a 3-14 membered heterocyclyl or 5-14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^(dd) groups;

each instance of R^(cc) is, independently, selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₁₋₁₀ perhaloalkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C₆₋₁₄ aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, or two R^(cc) groups are joined to form a 3-14 membered heterocyclyl or 5-14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^(dd) groups;

each instance of R^(dd) is, independently, selected from halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —N₃, —SO₂H, —SO₃H, —OH, —OR^(ee), —ON(R^(ff))₂, —N(R^(ff))₂, —N(R^(ff))₃ ⁺X⁻, —N(OR^(ee))R^(ff), —SH, —SR^(ee), —SSR^(ee), —C(═O)R^(ee), —CO₂H, —CO₂R^(ee), —OC(═O)R^(ee), —OCO₂R^(ee), —C(═O)N(R^(ff))₂, —OC(═O)N(R^(ff))₂, —NR^(ff)C(═O)R^(ee), —NR^(ff)CO₂R^(ee), —NR^(ff)C(═O)N(R^(ff))₂, —C(═NR^(ff))OR^(ee), —OC(═NR^(ff))R^(ee), —OC(═NR^(ff))OR^(ee), —C(═NR^(ff))N(R^(ff))₂, —OC(═NR^(ff))N(R^(ff))₂, —NR^(ff)C(═NR^(ff))N(R^(ff))₂, —NR^(ff)SO₂R^(ee), —SO₂N(R^(ff))₂, —SO₂R^(ee), —SO₂OR^(ee), —OSO₂R^(ee), —S(═O)R^(ee), —Si(R^(ee))₃, —OSi(R^(ee))₃, —C(═S)N(R^(ff))₂, —C(═O)SR^(ee), —C(═S)SR^(ee), —SC(═S)SR^(ee), —P(═O)₂R^(ee), —P(═O)(R^(ee))₂, —OP(═O)(R^(ee))₂, —OP(═O)(OR^(ee))₂, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ perhaloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl, 3-10 membered heterocyclyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^(gg) groups, or two geminal R^(dd) substituents can be joined to form ═O or ═S;

each instance of R^(ee) is, independently, selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ perhaloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 3-10 membered heterocyclyl, and 3-10 membered heteroaryl, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^(gg) groups;

each instance of R^(ff) is, independently, selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ perhaloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl, 3-10 membered heterocyclyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl and 5-10 membered heteroaryl, or two R^(ff) groups are joined to form a 3-14 membered heterocyclyl or 5-14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^(gg) groups; and

each instance of R^(gg) is, independently, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —N₃, —SO₂H, —SO₃H, —OH, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —ON(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₃ ⁺X⁻, —NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂ ⁺X⁻, —NH₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl)⁺X⁻, —NH₃ ⁺X⁻, —N(OC₁₋₆ alkyl)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —N(OH)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NH(OH), —SH, —SC₁₋₆ alkyl, —SS(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —C(═O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —CO₂H, —CO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —OC(═O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —OCO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —OC(═O)NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NHC(═O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)C(═O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NHCO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NHC(═O)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —NHC(═O)NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NHC(═O)NH₂, —C(═NH)O(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —OC(═NH)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —OC(═NH)OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C(═NH)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —C(═NH)NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —C(═NH)NH₂, —OC(═NH)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —OC(NH)NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —OC(NH)NH₂, —NHC(NH)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —NHC(═NH)NH₂, —NHSO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —SO₂N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —SO₂NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂C₁₋₆ alkyl, —SO₂OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —OSO₂C₁₋₆ alkyl, —SOC₁₋₆ alkyl, —Si(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₃, —OSi(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₃-C(═S)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —C(═S)NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —C(═S)NH₂, —C(═O)S(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —C(═S)SC₁₋₆ alkyl, —SC(═S)SC₁₋₆ alkyl, —P(═O)₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —P(═O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —OP(═O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —OP(═O)(OC₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ perhaloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 3-10 membered heterocyclyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl; or two geminal R^(gg) substituents can be joined to form ═O or ═S; wherein X⁻ is a counterion.

A “counterion” or “anionic counterion” is a negatively charged group associated with a cationic quaternary amino group in order to maintain electronic neutrality. Exemplary counterions include halide ions (e.g., F⁻, Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻), NO₃ ⁻, ClO₄ ⁻, OH⁻, H₂PO₄ ⁻, HSO₄ ⁻, sulfonate ions (e.g., methansulfonate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, 10-camphor sulfonate, naphthalene-2-sulfonate, naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid-5-sulfonate, ethan-1-sulfonic acid-2-sulfonate, and the like), and carboxylate ions (e.g., acetate, ethanoate, propanoate, benzoate, glycerate, lactate, tartrate, glycolate, and the like).

“Halo” or “halogen” refers to fluorine (fluoro, —F), chlorine (chloro, —Cl), bromine (bromo, —Br), or iodine (iodo, —I).

“Hydroxyl” or “hydroxy” refers to the group —OH. “Substituted hydroxyl” or “substituted hydroxyl,” by extension, refers to a hydroxyl group wherein the oxygen atom directly attached to the parent molecule is substituted with a group other than hydrogen, and includes groups selected from —OR^(aa), —ON(R^(bb))₂, —OC(═O)SR^(aa), —OC(═O)R^(aa), —OCO₂R^(aa), —OC(═O)N(R^(bb))₂, —OC(═NR^(bb))R^(aa), —OC(═NR^(bb))OR^(aa), —OC(═NR^(bb))N(R^(bb))₂, —OS(═O)R^(aa), —OSO₂R^(aa), —OSi(R^(aa))₃, —OP(R^(cc))₂, —OP(R^(cc))₃, —OP(═O)₂R^(aa), —OP(═O)(R^(aa))₂, —OP(═O)(OR^(cc))₂, —OP(═O)₂N(R^(bb))₂, and —OP(═O)(NR^(bb))₂, wherein R^(aa), R^(bb), and R^(cc) are as defined herein.

“Thiol” or “thio” refers to the group —SH. “Substituted thiol” or “substituted thio,” by extension, refers to a thiol group wherein the sulfur atom directly attached to the parent molecule is substituted with a group other than hydrogen, and includes groups selected from —SR^(aa), —S═SR^(cc), —SC(═S)SR^(aa), —SC(═O)SR^(aa), —SC(═O)OR^(aa), and —SC(═O)R^(aa), wherein R^(aa) and R^(cc) are as defined herein.

“Amino” refers to the group —NH₂. “Substituted amino,” by extension, refers to a monosubstituted amino, a disubstituted amino, or a trisubstituted amino, as defined herein. In certain embodiments, the “substituted amino” is a monosubstituted amino or a disubstituted amino group.

“Monosubstituted amino” refers to an amino group wherein the nitrogen atom directly attached to the parent molecule is substituted with one hydrogen and one group other than hydrogen, and includes groups selected from —NH(R^(bb)), —NHC(═O)R^(aa), —NHCO₂R^(aa), —NHC(═O)N(R^(bb))₂, —NHC(═NR^(bb))N(R^(bb))₂, —NHSO₂R^(aa), —NHP(═O)(OR^(cc))₂, and —NHP(═O)(NR^(bb))₂, wherein R^(aa), R^(bb) and R^(cc) are as defined herein, and wherein R^(bb) of the group —NH(R^(bb)) is not hydrogen.

“Disubstituted amino” refers to an amino group wherein the nitrogen atom directly attached to the parent molecule is substituted with two groups other than hydrogen, and includes groups selected from —N(R^(bb))₂, —NR^(bb)C(═O)R^(aa), —NR^(bb)CO₂R^(aa), —NR^(bb)C(═O)N(R^(bb))₂, —NR^(bb)C(═NR^(bb))N(R^(bb))₂, —NR^(bb)SO₂R^(aa), —NR^(bb)P(═O)(OR^(cc))₂, and —NR^(bb)P(═O)(NR^(bb))₂, wherein R^(aa), R^(bb), and R^(cc) are as defined herein, with the proviso that the nitrogen atom directly attached to the parent molecule is not substituted with hydrogen.

“Trisubstituted amino” refers to an amino group wherein the nitrogen atom directly attached to the parent molecule is substituted with three groups, and includes groups selected from —N(R^(bb))₃ and —N(R^(bb))₃ ⁺X⁻, wherein R^(bb) and X⁻ are as defined herein.

“Sulfonyl” refers to a group selected from —SO₂N(R^(bb))₂, —SO₂R^(aa), and —SO₂OR^(aa), wherein R^(aa) and R^(bb) are as defined herein.

“Sulfinyl” refers to the group —S(═O)R^(aa), wherein R^(aa) is as defined herein.

“Carbonyl” refers a group wherein the carbon directly attached to the parent molecule is sp² hybridized, and is substituted with an oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur atom, e.g., a group selected from ketones (—C(═O)R^(aa)), carboxylic acids (—CO₂H), aldehydes (—CHO), esters (—CO₂R^(aa), —C(═O)SR^(aa), —C(═S)SR^(aa)), amides (—C(═O)N(R^(bb))₂, —C(═O)NR^(bb)SO₂R^(aa), —C(═S)N(R^(bb))₂), and imines (—C(═NR^(bb))R^(aa), —C(═NR^(bb))OR^(aa)), —C(═NR^(bb))N(R^(bb))₂), wherein R^(aa) and R^(bb) are as defined herein.

Nitrogen atoms can be substituted or unsubstituted as valency permits, and include primary, secondary, tertiary, and quarternary nitrogen atoms. Exemplary nitrogen atom substitutents include, but are not limited to, hydrogen, —OH, —OR^(aa), —N(R^(cc))₂, —CN, —C(═O)R^(aa), —C(═O)N(R^(cc))₂, —CO₂R^(aa), —SO₂R^(aa), —C(═NR^(bb))R^(aa), —C(═NR^(cc))OR^(aa), —C(═NR^(cc))N(R^(cc))₂, —SO₂N(R^(cc))₂, —SO₂R^(cc), —SO₂OR^(cc), —SOR^(aa), —C(═S)N(R^(cc))₂, —C(═O)SR^(cc), —C(═S)SR^(cc), —P(═O)₂R^(aa), —P(═O)(R^(aa))₂, —P(═O)₂N(R^(cc))₂, —P(═O(NR^(cc))₂, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₁₋₁₀ perhaloalkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C₆₋₁₄ aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, or two R^(cc) groups attached to a nitrogen atom are joined to form a 3-14 membered heterocyclyl or 5-14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^(dd) groups, and wherein R^(aa), R^(bb), R^(cc) and R^(dd) are as defined above.

In certain embodiments, the substituent present on a nitrogen atom is a nitrogen protecting group (also referred to as an amino protecting group). Nitrogen protecting groups include, but are not limited to, —OH, —OR^(aa), —N(R^(cc))₂, —C(═O)R^(aa), —C(═O)N(R^(cc))₂, —CO₂R^(aa), —SO₂R^(aa), —C(═NR^(cc))R^(aa), —C(═NR^(cc))OR^(aa), —C(═NR^(cc))N(R^(cc))₂, —SO₂N(R^(cc))₂, —SO₂R^(cc), —SO₂OR^(cc), —SOR^(aa), —C(═S)N(R^(cc))₂, —C(═O)SR^(cc), —C(═S)SR^(cc), C₁₋₁₀ alkyl (e.g., aralkyl, heteroaralkyl), C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C₆₋₁₄ aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl groups, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aralkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^(dd) groups, and wherein R^(aa), R^(bb), R^(cc), and R^(dd) are as defined herein. Nitrogen protecting groups are well known in the art and include those described in detail in Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, 3^(rd) edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999, incorporated herein by reference.

Amide nitrogen protecting groups (e.g., —C(═O)R^(aa)) include, but are not limited to, formamide, acetamide, chloroacetamide, trichloroacetamide, trifluoroacetamide, phenylacetamide, 3-phenylpropanamide, picolinamide, 3-pyridylcarboxamide, N-benzoylphenylalanyl derivative, benzamide, p-phenylbenzamide, o-nitophenylacetamide, o-nitrophenoxyacetamide, acetoacetamide, (N′-dithiobenzyloxyacylamino)acetamide, 3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propanamide, 3-(o-nitrophenyl)propanamide, 2-methyl-2-(o-nitrophenoxy)propanamide, 2-methyl-2-(o-phenylazophenoxy)propanamide, 4-chlorobutanamide, 3-methyl-3-nitrobutanamide, o-nitrocinnamide, N-acetylmethionine, o-nitrobenzamide, and o-(benzoyloxymethyl)benzamide.

Carbamate nitrogen protecting groups (e.g., —C(═O)OR^(aa)) include, but are not limited to, methyl carbamate, ethyl carbamante, 9-fluorenylmethyl carbamate (Fmoc), 9-(2-sulfo)fluorenylmethyl carbamate, 9-(2,7-dibromo)fluoroenylmethyl carbamate, 2,7-di-t-butyl-[9-(10,10-dioxo-10,10,10,10-tetrahydrothioxanthyl)]methyl carbamate (DBD-Tmoc), 4-methoxyphenacyl carbamate (Phenoc), 2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbamate (Troc), 2-trimethylsilylethyl carbamate (Teoc), 2-phenylethyl carbamate (hZ), 1-(1-adamantyl)-1-methylethyl carbamate (Adpoc), 1,1-dimethyl-2-haloethyl carbamate, 1,1-dimethyl-2,2-dibromoethyl carbamate (DB-t-BOC), 1,1-dimethyl-2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbamate (TCBOC), 1-methyl-1-(4-biphenylyl)ethyl carbamate (Bpoc), 1-(3,5-di-t-butylphenyl)-1-methylethyl carbamate (t-Bumeoc), 2-(2′- and 4′-pyridyl)ethyl carbamate (Pyoc), 2-(N,N-dicyclohexylcarboxamido)ethyl carbamate, t-butyl carbamate (BOC), 1-adamantyl carbamate (Adoc), vinyl carbamate (Voc), allyl carbamate (Alloc), 1-isopropylallyl carbamate (Ipaoc), cinnamyl carbamate (Coc), 4-nitrocinnamyl carbamate (Noc), 8-quinolyl carbamate, N-hydroxypiperidinyl carbamate, alkyldithio carbamate, benzyl carbamate (Cbz), p-methoxybenzyl carbamate (Moz), p-nitobenzyl carbamate, p-bromobenzyl carbamate, p-chlorobenzyl carbamate, 2,4-dichlorobenzyl carbamate, 4-methylsulfinylbenzyl carbamate (Msz), 9-anthrylmethyl carbamate, diphenylmethyl carbamate, 2-methylthioethyl carbamate, 2-methylsulfonylethyl carbamate, 2-(p-toluenesulfonyl)ethyl carbamate, [2-(1,3-dithianyl)]methyl carbamate (Dmoc), 4-methylthiophenyl carbamate (Mtpc), 2,4-dimethylthiophenyl carbamate (Bmpc), 2-phosphonioethyl carbamate (Peoc), 2-triphenylphosphonioisopropyl carbamate (Ppoc), 1,1-dimethyl-2-cyanoethyl carbamate, m-chloro-p-acyloxybenzyl carbamate, p-(dihydroxyboryl)benzyl carbamate, 5-benzisoxazolylmethyl carbamate, 2-(trifluoromethyl)-6-chromonylmethyl carbamate (Tcroc), m-nitrophenyl carbamate, 3,5-dimethoxybenzyl carbamate, o-nitrobenzyl carbamate, 3,4-dimethoxy-6-nitrobenzyl carbamate, phenyl(o-nitrophenyl)methyl carbamate, t-amyl carbamate, S-benzyl thiocarbamate, p-cyanobenzyl carbamate, cyclobutyl carbamate, cyclohexyl carbamate, cyclopentyl carbamate, cyclopropylmethyl carbamate, p-decyloxybenzyl carbamate, 2,2-dimethoxyacylvinyl carbamate, o-(N,N-dimethylcarboxamido)benzyl carbamate, 1,1-dimethyl-3-(N,N-dimethylcarboxamido)propyl carbamate, 1,1-dimethylpropynyl carbamate, di(2-pyridyl)methyl carbamate, 2-furanylmethyl carbamate, 2-iodoethyl carbamate, isoborynl carbamate, isobutyl carbamate, isonicotinyl carbamate, p-(p′-methoxyphenylazo)benzyl carbamate, 1-methylcyclobutyl carbamate, 1-methylcyclohexyl carbamate, 1-methyl-1-cyclopropylmethyl carbamate, 1-methyl-1-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl carbamate, 1-methyl-1-(p-phenylazophenyl)ethyl carbamate, 1-methyl-1-phenylethyl carbamate, 1-methyl-1-(4-pyridyl)ethyl carbamate, phenyl carbamate, p-(phenylazo)benzyl carbamate, 2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenyl carbamate, 4-(trimethylammonium)benzyl carbamate, and 2,4,6-trimethylbenzyl carbamate.

Sulfonamide nitrogen protecting groups (e.g., —S(═O)₂R^(aa)) include, but are not limited to, p-toluenesulfonamide (Ts), benzenesulfonamide, 2,3,6,-trimethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mtr), 2,4,6-trimethoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mtb), 2,6-dimethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Pme), 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mte), 4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mbs), 2,4,6-trimethylbenzenesulfonamide (Mts), 2,6-dimethoxy-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide (iMds), 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethylchroman-6-sulfonamide (Pmc), methanesulfonamide (Ms), β-trimethylsilylethanesulfonamide (SES), 9-anthracenesulfonamide, 4-(4′,8′-dimethoxynaphthylmethyl)benzenesulfonamide (DNMBS), benzylsulfonamide, trifluoromethylsulfonamide, and phenacylsulfonamide.

Other nitrogen protecting groups include, but are not limited to, phenothiazinyl-(10)-acyl derivative, N′-p-toluenesulfonylaminoacyl derivative, N′-phenylaminothioacyl derivative, N-benzoylphenylalanyl derivative, N-acetylmethionine derivative, 4,5-diphenyl-3-oxazolin-2-one, N-phthalimide, N-dithiasuccinimide (Dts), N-2,3-diphenylmaleimide, N-2,5-dimethylpyrrole, N-1,1,4,4-tetramethyldisilylazacyclopentane adduct (STABASE), 5-substituted 1,3-dimethyl-1,3,5-triazacyclohexan-2-one, 5-substituted 1,3-dibenzyl-1,3,5-triazacyclohexan-2-one, 1-substituted 3,5-dinitro-4-pyridone, N-methylamine, N-allylamine, N-[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methylamine (SEM), N-3-acetoxypropylamine, N-(1-isopropyl-4-nitro-2-oxo-3-pyroolin-3-yl)amine, quaternary ammonium salts, N-benzylamine, N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)methylamine, N-5-dibenzosuberylamine, N-triphenylmethylamine (Tr), N-[(4-methoxyphenyl)diphenylmethyl]amine (MMTr), N-9-phenylfluorenylamine (PhF), N-2,7-dichloro-9-fluorenylmethyleneamine, N-ferrocenylmethylamino (Fcm), N-2-picolylamino N′-oxide, N-1,1-dimethylthiomethyleneamine, N-benzylideneamine, N-p-methoxybenzylideneamine, N-diphenylmethyleneamine, N-[(2-pyridyl)mesityl]methyleneamine, N—(N′,N′-dimethylaminomethylene)amine, N,N′-isopropylidenediamine, N-p-nitrobenzylideneamine, N-salicylideneamine, N-5-chlorosalicylideneamine, N-(5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)phenylmethyleneamine, N-cyclohexylideneamine, N-(5,5-dimethyl-3-oxo-1-cyclohexenyl)amine, N-borane derivative, N-diphenylborinic acid derivative, N-[phenyl(pentaacylchromium- or tungsten)acyl]amine, N-copper chelate, N-zinc chelate, N-nitroamine, N-nitrosoamine, amine N-oxide, diphenylphosphinamide (Dpp), dimethylthiophosphinamide (Mpt), diphenylthiophosphinamide (Ppt), dialkyl phosphoramidates, dibenzyl phosphoramidate, diphenyl phosphoramidate, benzenesulfenamide, o-nitrobenzenesulfenamide (Nps), 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfenamide, pentachlorobenzenesulfenamide, 2-nitro-4-methoxybenzenesulfenamide, triphenylmethylsulfenamide, and 3-nitropyridinesulfenamide (Npys).

In certain embodiments, the substituent present on an oxygen atom is an oxygen protecting group (also referred to as a hydroxyl protecting group). Oxygen protecting groups include, but are not limited to, —R^(aa), —N(R^(bb))₂, —C(═O)SR^(aa), —C(═O)R^(aa), —CO₂R^(aa), —C(═O)N(R^(bb))₂, —C(═NR^(bb))R^(aa), —C(═NR^(bb))OR^(aa), —C(═NR^(bb))N(R^(bb))₂, —S(═O)R^(aa), —SO₂R^(aa), —Si(R^(aa))₃, —P(R^(cc))₂, —P(R^(cc))₃, —P(═O)₂R^(aa), —P(═O)(R^(aa))₂, —P(═O)(OR^(cc))₂, —P(═O)₂N(R^(bb))₂, and —P(═O)(NR^(bb))₂, wherein R^(aa), R^(bb), and R^(cc) are as defined herein. Oxygen protecting groups are well known in the art and include those described in detail in Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, 3^(rd) edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999, incorporated herein by reference.

Exemplary oxygen protecting groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, methoxylmethyl (MOM), methylthiomethyl (MTM), t-butylthiomethyl, (phenyldimethylsilyl)methoxymethyl (SMOM), benzyloxymethyl (BOM), p-methoxybenzyloxymethyl (PMBM), (4-methoxyphenoxy)methyl (p-AOM), guaiacolmethyl (GUM), t-butoxymethyl, 4-pentenyloxymethyl (POM), siloxymethyl, 2-methoxyethoxymethyl (MEM), 2,2,2-trichloroethoxymethyl, bis(2-chloroethoxy)methyl, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl (SEMOR), tetrahydropyranyl (THP), 3-bromotetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, 1-methoxycyclohexyl, 4-methoxytetrahydropyranyl (MTHP), 4-methoxytetrahydrothiopyranyl, 4-methoxytetrahydrothiopyranyl S,S-dioxide, 1-[(2-chloro-4-methyl)phenyl]-4-methoxypiperidin-4-yl (CTMP), 1,4-dioxan-2-yl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiofuranyl, 2,3,3a,4,5,6,7,7a-octahydro-7,8,8-trimethyl-4,7-methanobenzofuran-2-yl, 1-ethoxyethyl, 1-(2-chloroethoxy)ethyl, 1-methyl-1-methoxyethyl, 1-methyl-1-benzyloxyethyl, 1-methyl-1-benzyloxy-2-fluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 2-trimethylsilylethyl, 2-(phenylselenyl)ethyl, t-butyl, allyl, p-chlorophenyl, p-methoxyphenyl, 2,4-dinitrophenyl, benzyl (Bn), p-methoxybenzyl, 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl, o-nitrobenzyl, p-nitrobenzyl, p-halobenzyl, 2,6-dichlorobenzyl, p-cyanobenzyl, p-phenylbenzyl, 2-picolyl, 4-picolyl, 3-methyl-2-picolyl N-oxido, diphenylmethyl, p,p′-dinitrobenzhydryl, 5-dibenzosuberyl, triphenylmethyl, α-naphthyldiphenylmethyl, p-methoxyphenyldiphenylmethyl, di(p-methoxyphenyl)phenylmethyl, tri(p-methoxyphenyl)methyl, 4-(4′-bromophenacyloxyphenyl)diphenylmethyl, 4,4′,4″-tris(4,5-dichlorophthalimidophenyl)methyl, 4,4′,4″-tris(levulinoyloxyphenyl)methyl, 4,4′,4″-tris(benzoyloxyphenyl)methyl, 3-(imidazol-1-yl)bis(4′,4″-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl, 1,1-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1′-pyrenylmethyl, 9-anthryl, 9-(9-phenyl)xanthenyl, 9-(9-phenyl-10-oxo)anthryl, 1,3-benzodisulfuran-2-yl, benzisothiazolyl S,S-dioxido, trimethylsilyl (TMS), triethylsilyl (TES), triisopropylsilyl (TIPS), dimethylisopropylsilyl (IPDMS), diethylisopropylsilyl (DEIPS), dimethylthexylsilyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS), t-butyldiphenylsilyl (TBDPS), tribenzylsilyl, tri-p-xylylsilyl, triphenylsilyl, diphenylmethylsilyl (DPMS), t-butylmethoxyphenylsilyl (TBMPS), formate, benzoylformate, acetate, chloroacetate, dichloroacetate, trichloroacetate, trifluoroacetate, methoxyacetate, triphenylmethoxyacetate, phenoxyacetate, p-chlorophenoxyacetate, 3-phenylpropionate, 4-oxopentanoate (levulinate), 4,4-(ethylenedithio)pentanoate (levulinoyldithioacetal), pivaloate, adamantoate, crotonate, 4-methoxycrotonate, benzoate, p-phenylbenzoate, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoate (mesitoate), methyl carbonate, 9-fluorenylmethyl carbonate (Fmoc), ethyl carbonate, t-butyl carbonate (Boc), 2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbonate (Troc), 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl carbonate (TMSEC), 2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl carbonate (Psec), 2-(triphenylphosphonio) ethyl carbonate (Peoc), isobutyl carbonate, vinyl carbonate, allyl carbonate, p-nitrophenyl carbonate, benzyl carbonate, p-methoxybenzyl carbonate, 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl carbonate, o-nitrobenzyl carbonate, p-nitrobenzyl carbonate, S-benzyl thiocarbonate, 4-ethoxy-1-napththyl carbonate, methyl dithiocarbonate, 2-iodobenzoate, 4-azidobutyrate, 4-nitro-4-methylpentanoate, o-(dibromomethyl)benzoate, 2-formylbenzenesulfonate, 2-(methylthiomethoxy)ethyl, 4-(methylthiomethoxy)butyrate, 2-(methylthiomethoxymethyl)benzoate, 2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxyacetate, 2,6-dichloro-4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenoxyacetate, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylpropyl)phenoxyacetate, chlorodiphenylacetate, isobutyrate, monosuccinoate, (E)-2-methyl-2-butenoate, o-(methoxyacyl)benzoate, α-naphthoate, nitrate, alkyl N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylphosphorodiamidate, alkyl N-phenylcarbamate, borate, dimethylphosphinothioyl, alkyl 2,4-dinitrophenylsulfenate, sulfate, methanesulfonate (mesylate), benzylsulfonate, and tosylate (Ts).

In certain embodiments, the substituent present on a sulfur atom is a sulfur protecting group (also referred to as a thiol protecting group). Sulfur protecting groups include, but are not limited to, —R^(aa), —N(R^(bb))₂, —C(═O)SR^(aa), —C(═O)R^(aa), —CO₂R^(aa), —C(═O)N(R^(bb))₂, —C(═NR^(bb))R^(aa), —C(═NR^(bb))OR^(aa), —C(═NR^(bb))N(R^(bb))₂, —S(═O)R^(aa), —SO₂R^(aa), —Si(R^(aa))₃, —P(R^(cc))₂, —P(R^(cc))₃, —P(═O)₂R^(aa), —P(═O)(R^(aa))₂, —P(═O)(OR^(cc))₂, —P(═O)₂N(R^(bb))₂, and —P(═O)(NR^(bb))₂, wherein R^(aa), R^(bb), and R^(cc) are as defined herein. Sulfur protecting groups are well known in the art and include those described in detail in Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, 3^(rd) edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999, incorporated herein by reference.

These and other exemplary substituents are described in more detail in the Detailed Description, Examples, and claims. The present disclosure is not intended to be limited in any manner by the above exemplary listing of substituents.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to those salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and other animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response, and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art. For example, Berge et al. describe pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in J. Pharmaceutical Sciences (1977) 66:1-19. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds describe herein include those derived from suitable inorganic and organic acids and bases. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable, nontoxic acid addition salts are salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid or with organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid, or malonic acid or by using other methods used in the art such as ion exchange. Other pharmaceutically acceptable salts include adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, phosphate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, stearate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, thiocyanate, p-toluenesulfonate, undecanoate, valerate salts, and the like. Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium and N⁺(C₁₋₄alkyl)₄ salts. Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like. Further pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, when appropriate, quaternary salts.

A “subject” to which administration is contemplated includes, but is not limited to, humans (e.g., a male or female of any age group, e.g., a pediatric subject (e.g, infant, child, adolescent) or adult subject (e.g., young adult, middle-aged adult or senior adult)) and/or other non-human animals, for example, non-human mammals (e.g., primates (e.g., cynomolgus monkeys, rhesus monkeys); commercially relevant mammals such as cattle, pigs, horses, sheep, goats, cats, and/or dogs), birds (e.g., commercially relevant birds such as chickens, ducks, geese, and/or turkeys), rodents (e.g., rats and/or mice), reptiles, amphibians, and fish. In certain embodiments, the nonhuman animal is a mammal. The nonhuman animal may be a male or female at any stage of development. A nonhuman animal may be a transgenic animal.

“Condition,” “disease,” and “disorder” are used interchangeably herein.

“Treat,” “treating” and “treatment” encompasses an action that occurs while a subject is suffering from a condition which reduces the severity of the condition or retards or slows the progression of the condition (“therapeutic treatment”). “Treat,” “treating” and “treatment” also encompasses an action that occurs before a subject begins to suffer from the condition and which inhibits or reduces the severity of the condition (“prophylactic treatment”).

An “effective amount” of a compound refers to an amount sufficient to elicit the desired biological response, e.g., treat the condition. As will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in this art, the effective amount of a compound described herein may vary depending on such factors as the desired biological endpoint, the pharmacokinetics of the compound, the condition being treated, the mode of administration, and the age and health of the subject. An effective amount encompasses therapeutic and prophylactic treatment.

A “therapeutically effective amount” of a compound is an amount sufficient to provide a therapeutic benefit in the treatment of a condition or to delay or minimize one or more symptoms associated with the condition. A therapeutically effective amount of a compound means an amount of therapeutic agent, alone or in combination with other therapies, which provides a therapeutic benefit in the treatment of the condition. The term “therapeutically effective amount” can encompass an amount that improves overall therapy, reduces or avoids symptoms or causes of the condition, or enhances the therapeutic efficacy of another therapeutic agent.

A “prophylactically effective amount” of a compound is an amount sufficient to prevent a condition, or one or more symptoms associated with the condition or prevent its recurrence. A prophylactically effective amount of a compound means an amount of a therapeutic agent, alone or in combination with other agents, which provides a prophylactic benefit in the prevention of the condition. The term “prophylactically effective amount” can encompass an amount that improves overall prophylaxis or enhances the prophylactic efficacy of another prophylactic agent.

As used herein, the term “methyltransferase” represents transferase class enzymes that are able to transfer a methyl group from a donor molecule to an acceptor molecule, e.g., an amino acid residue of a protein or a nucleic base of a DNA molecule. Methyltransferases typically use a reactive methyl group bound to sulfur in S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) as the methyl donor. In some embodiments, a methyltransferase described herein is a protein methyltransferase. In some embodiments, a methyltransferase described herein is a histone methyltransferase. Histone methyltransferases (HMT) are histone-modifying enzymes, (including histone-lysine N-methyltransferase and histone-arginine N-methyltransferase), that catalyze the transfer of one or more methyl groups to lysine and arginine residues of histone proteins. In certain embodiments, a methyltransferase described herein is a histone-arginine N-methyltransferase.

As generally described above, provided herein are compounds useful as CARM1 inhibitors. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein:

X is —O—, —S—, or —CH₂—;

R¹ is hydrogen or optionally substituted C₁₋₄ aliphatic;

each of R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) is independently hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —C(═O)R^(A2), —C(═O)OR^(A2), —C(═O)N(R^(A2))₂, —OR^(A2), S—R^(A2), —N(R^(A2))₂, —S(═O)R^(A2), —S(═O)₂R^(A2), optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, wherein each instance of R^(A2) is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl, or two R^(A2) groups attached to the same nitrogen atom are joined to form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl ring;

Ring HET is a 6-membered monocylic heteroaryl ring system of the formula:

wherein:

G₈ is C—R⁸ or N;

G₁₀ is C—R¹⁰ or N;

G₁₁ is C—R¹¹ or N;

G₁₂ is C—R¹² or N;

provided at least one instance of G₈, G₁₀, G₁₁, or G₁₂ is N;

each instance of R⁸, R¹⁰, R¹¹, and R¹² is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, —CN, —NO₂, —C(═O)R′, —C(═O)OR′, —C(═O)N(R′)₂, optionally substituted alkyl, and -L¹-R³;

each instance of R′ is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl, or two R′ groups attached to the same nitrogen are joined to form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl ring or optionally substituted heteroaryl ring;

each instance of L¹ and L² is independently a bond, —O—, —N(R^(L))—, —S—, —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)S—, —C(O)N(R^(L))—, —C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—, —OC(O)—, —OC(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—, —SC(O)—, —C(═NR^(L))—, —C(═NNR^(L))—, —C(═NOR^(L))—, —C(═NR^(L))N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(═NR^(L))—, —C(S)—, —C(S)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(S)—, —S(O)—, —OS(O)₂—, —S(O)₂O—, —SO₂—, —N(R^(L))SO₂—, —SO₂N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—, an optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon chain, wherein one or more moieties selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R^(L))—, —S—, —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)S—, —C(O)N(R^(L))—, —C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—, —OC(O)—, —OC(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—, —SC(O)—, —C(═NR^(L))—, —C(═NNR^(L))—, —C(═NOR^(L))—, —C(═NR^(L))N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(═NR^(L))—, —C(S)—, —C(S)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(S)—, —S(O)—, —OS(O)₂—, —S(O)₂O—, —SO₂—, —N(R^(L))SO₂—, —SO₂N(R^(L))—, and —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))— is optionally and independently present between two carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon chain, and optionally and independently present at one or both ends of the hydrocarbon chain;

each R^(L) is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group, or R^(L) and R³ taken together form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, or R^(L) and R¹³ taken together form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl ring;

R³ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl, provided when R³ is hydrogen, then L¹ is not a bond; and

R¹³ is optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl.

It is generally understood that compounds of Formula (I), as described herein, comprises one or more asymmetric centers, and thus can exist in various isomeric forms, e.g., enantiomeric and/or diastereomeric forms. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) has the following stereochemistry (I-a) or (I-b):

As generally defined herein, X is —O—, —S—, or —CH₂—. In certain embodiments, X is —O—. In certain embodiments, X is —S—. In certain embodiments, X is —O—.

As generally defined herein, R¹ is hydrogen or optionally substituted C₁₋₄ aliphatic. In certain embodiments, R¹ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R¹ is optionally substituted C₁₋₄ aliphatic, e.g., optionally substituted C₁ aliphatic, optionally substituted C₂ aliphatic, optionally substituted C₃ aliphatic, or optionally substituted C₄ aliphatic. It is understood that aliphatic, as used herein, encompasses alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and carbocyclic groups. In certain embodiments, R¹ is optionally substituted C₁₋₄ alkyl, e.g., optionally substituted C₁₋₂alkyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₃alkyl, optionally substituted C₃₋₄alkyl, optionally substituted C₁alkyl, optionally substituted C₂alkyl, optionally substituted C₃alkyl, or optionally substituted C₄alkyl. Exemplary R¹ C₁₋₄ alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl (C₁), ethyl (C₂), n-propyl (C₃), isopropyl (C₃), n-butyl (C₄), tert-butyl (C₄), sec-butyl (C₄), or iso-butyl (C₄), each of which may be substituted or unsubstituted. In certain embodiments, R¹ is optionally substituted C₂₋₄ alkenyl, e.g., optionally substituted C₂₋₃alkenyl, optionally substituted C₃₋₄alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂alkenyl, optionally substituted C₃alkenyl, or optionally substituted C₄alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R¹ is optionally substituted C₂₋₄ alkynyl, e.g., optionally substituted C₂₋₃alkynyl, optionally substituted C₃₋₄alkynyl, optionally substituted C₂alkynyl, optionally substituted C₃alkynyl, or optionally substituted C₄alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R¹ is optionally substituted C₃carbocyclyl, e.g., optionally substituted cyclopropyl. In certain embodiments, R¹ is hydrogen or an unsubstituted C₁₋₄ aliphatic group, e.g., for example, in certain embodiments, R¹ is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, or cyclopropyl.

As generally defined herein, each of R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) is independently hydrogen, halo, —CN, —NO₂, —C(═O)R^(A2), —C(═O)OR^(A2), —C(═O)N(R^(A2))₂, —OR^(A2), —SR^(A2), —N(R^(A2))₂, —S(═O)R^(A2), —S(═O)₂R^(A2), optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, wherein each instance of R^(A2) is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl, or two R^(A2) groups attached to the same nitrogen atom are joined to form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl ring.

In certain embodiments, at least one of (e.g., one, two, three, each of) R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, at least one of R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) is halo, e.g., fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo. In certain embodiments, at least one of R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) is chloro. In certain embodiments, at least one of R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) is —CN. In certain embodiments, at least one of R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) is —NO₂. In certain embodiments, at least one of R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) is —C(═O)R^(A2), e.g., wherein R^(A2) is hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl (e.g., methyl). In certain embodiments, at least one of R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) is —C(═O)OR^(A2), e.g., wherein R^(A2) is hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl (e.g., methyl). In certain embodiments, at least one of R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) is —C(═O)N(R^(A2))₂, e.g., wherein each instance of R^(A2) is hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl (e.g., methyl), or two R^(A2) groups attached to the same nitrogen atom are joined to form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl ring. In certain embodiments, at least one of R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) is optionally substituted alkyl, e.g., optionally substituted C₁₋₄ alkyl, optionally substituted C₁₋₂alkyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₃alkyl, optionally substituted C₃₋₄alkyl, optionally substituted C₁alkyl, optionally substituted C₂alkyl, optionally substituted C₃alkyl, or optionally substituted C₄alkyl. Exemplary R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d)C₁₋₄alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl (C₁), ethyl (C₂), n-propyl (C₃), isopropyl (C₃), n-butyl (C₄), tert-butyl (C₄), sec-butyl (C₄), and iso-butyl (C₄), each of which may be substituted or unsubstituted. In certain embodiments, at least one of R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) is alkyl substituted with hydroxy or substituted hydroxy, e.g., —(CH₂)_(a)OH or —(CH₂)_(a)OCH₃, wherein a is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In certain embodiments, at least one of R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) is alkyl substituted with halogen (e.g., fluoro), e.g., at least one of R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) is —CF₃. In certain embodiments, at least one of R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) is optionally substituted alkenyl, e.g., optionally substituted C₂₋₄ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₃alkenyl, optionally substituted C₃₋₄alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂alkenyl, optionally substituted C₃alkenyl, or optionally substituted C₄alkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one of R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) is optionally substituted C₂alkenyl or optionally substituted C₃alkenyl, e.g., vinyl or allyl. In certain embodiments, at least one of R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) is optionally substituted alkynyl, e.g., optionally substituted C₂₋₄ alkynyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₃alkynyl, optionally substituted C₃₋₄alkynyl, optionally substituted C₂alkynyl, optionally substituted C₃alkynyl, or optionally substituted C₄alkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one of R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) is optionally substituted C₂alkynyl, e.g., acetylene. In certain embodiments, at least one of R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) is optionally substituted carbocyclyl, e.g., optionally substituted C₃₋₅carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₃₋₄carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₄₋₅ carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₃carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₄carbocyclyl, or optionally substituted C₅carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one of R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) is optionally substituted C₃carbocyclyl, e.g., cyclopropyl. In certain embodiments, at least one of R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) is optionally substituted heterocyclyl, e.g., optionally substituted 3- to 5-membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted 3- to 4-membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted 4- to 5-membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted 3-membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted 4-membered heterocyclyl, or optionally substituted 5-membered heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one of R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) is —OR^(A2), —SR^(A2), or —N(R^(A2))₂, wherein R^(A2) is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, at least one of R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) is —S(═O)R^(A2) or —S(═O)₂R^(A2), wherein R^(A2) is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, at least one R^(A2) is hydrogen, e.g., for example, to provide at least one of R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) as —OH, —SH, —NH₂, or —NHR^(A2). In certain embodiments, at least one of R^(A2) is optionally substituted alkyl, e.g., optionally substituted C₁₋₄ alkyl, optionally substituted C₁₋₂alkyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₃alkyl, optionally substituted C₃₋₄alkyl, optionally substituted C₁alkyl, optionally substituted C₂alkyl, optionally substituted C₃alkyl, or optionally substituted C₄alkyl, e.g., for example, at least one of R^(A2) is methyl to provide a group R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) of formula —OCH₃, —SCH₃, —NHCH₃, —N(CH₃)₂, or —NCH₃R^(A2). In certain embodiments, at least one of R^(A2) is alkyl substituted with halogen (e.g., fluoro), e.g., to provide a group R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) of formula —OCF₃, —SCF₃, —NHCF₃, —N(CF₃)₂, or —NCF₃R^(A2). In certain embodiments, at least one of R^(A2) is a group of formula —CH₂CH(OH)CH₂NHR¹, wherein R¹ is as defined herein, e.g., to provide a group R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) of formula —OCH₂CH(OH)CH₂NHR¹, —SCH₂CH(OH)CH₂NHR¹, —NHCH₂CH(OH)CH₂NHR¹, or —N(R^(A2))CH₂CH(OH)CH₂NHR¹. In certain embodiments, at least one of R^(A2) is alkyl substituted with an optionally substituted aryl (e.g., optionally substituted phenyl) or optionally substituted heteroaryl (e.g., optionally substituted pyridinyl), e.g., to provide a group R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) of formula —O(CH₂)_(a)Ar, —S(CH₂)_(a)Ar, —NH(CH₂)_(a)Ar, or —N(R^(A2))(CH₂)_(a)Ar, wherein a is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, and Ar is optionally substituted aryl (e.g., optionally substituted phenyl) or optionally substituted heteroaryl (e.g., optionally substituted pyridinyl). In certain embodiments, at least one of R^(A2) is optionally substituted alkenyl, e.g., optionally substituted C₂₋₄ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₃alkenyl, optionally substituted C₃₋₄alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂alkenyl, optionally substituted C₃alkenyl, or optionally substituted C₄alkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one of R^(A2) is optionally substituted alkynyl, e.g., optionally substituted C₂₋₄ alkynyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₃alkynyl, optionally substituted C₃₋₄alkynyl, optionally substituted C₂alkynyl, optionally substituted C₃alkynyl, or optionally substituted C₄alkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one of R^(A2) is optionally substituted carbocyclyl, e.g., optionally substituted C₃₋₅carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₃₋₄carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₄₋₅ carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₃carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₄carbocyclyl, or optionally substituted C₅carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one of R^(A2) is optionally substituted heterocyclyl, e.g., optionally substituted 3- to 5-membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted 3- to 4-membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted 4- to 5-membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted 3-membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted 4-membered heterocyclyl, or optionally substituted 5-membered heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one of R^(A2) is optionally substituted aryl (e.g., optionally substituted phenyl) or optionally substituted heteroaryl (e.g., optionally substituted pyridinyl). In certain embodiments, two R^(A2) groups, e.g., of —N(R^(A2))₂, are joined to form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl ring.

In certain embodiments, at least one of R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2s) is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, at least two of R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, at least three of R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, each of R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) are hydrogen, e.g., to provide a compound of Formula (I-c):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

However, in certain embodiments, at least one of R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) is a non-hydrogen group. For example, in certain embodiments, R^(2a) is a non-hydrogen group. In certain embodiments, R^(2a) is a non-hydrogen group, and each of R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) is hydrogen, e.g., to provide a compound of Formula (I-d):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In certain embodiments, R^(2a) is a non-hydrogen group selected from the group consisting of halogen (e.g., chloro), —CN, —C(═O)R^(A2), —OR^(A2), —SR^(A2), —N(R^(A2))₂, optionally substituted cyclopropyl, optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₄alkenyl, and optionally substituted C₂₋₄alkynyl, wherein R^(A2) is optionally substituted alkyl.

In certain embodiments, R^(2b) is a non-hydrogen group. In certain embodiments, R^(2b) is a non-hydrogen group, and each of R^(2a), R^(2c), and R^(2d) is hydrogen, e.g., to provide a compound of Formula (I-e):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In certain embodiments, R^(2b) is a non-hydrogen group selected from the group consisting of halogen (e.g., chloro), —CN, —C(═O)R^(A2), —OR^(A2), —SR^(A2), —N(R^(A2))₂, optionally substituted cyclopropyl, optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₄alkenyl, and optionally substituted C₂₋₄alkynyl, wherein R^(A2) is optionally substituted alkyl.

In certain embodiments, R^(2c) is a non-hydrogen group. In certain embodiments, R^(2c) is a non-hydrogen group, and each of R^(2a), R^(2b), and R^(2d) is hydrogen, e.g., to provide a compound of Formula (I-f):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In certain embodiments, R^(2c) is a non-hydrogen group selected from the group consisting of halogen (e.g., chloro), —CN, —C(═O)R^(A2), —OR^(A2), —SR^(A2), —N(R^(A2))₂, optionally substituted cyclopropyl, optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₄alkenyl, and optionally substituted C₂₋₄alkynyl, wherein R^(A2) is optionally substituted alkyl.

In certain embodiments, R^(2d) is a non-hydrogen group. In certain embodiments, R^(2d) is a non-hydrogen group, and each of R^(2a), R^(2b), and R^(2c) is hydrogen, e.g., to provide a compound of Formula (I-g):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In certain embodiments, R^(2d) is a non-hydrogen group selected from the group consisting of halogen (e.g., chloro), —CN, —C(═O)R^(A2), —OR^(A2), —SR^(A2), —N(R^(A2))₂, optionally substituted cyclopropyl, optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₄alkenyl, and optionally substituted C₂₋₄alkynyl, wherein R^(A2) is optionally substituted alkyl.

As generally understood from the present disclosure, Ring HET is a 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring system of Formula:

i.e., to provide a compound of Formula (I-h):

or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein at least one instance of G₈, G₁₀, G₁₁, or G₁₂ is N, e.g., at least one, two, or three instances of G₈, G₁₀, G₁₁, or G₁₂ is N. In certain embodiments, G₈ is N. In certain embodiments, G₁₀ is N. In certain embodiments, G₁₁ is N. In certain embodiments, G₁₂ is N. In certain embodiments, two instances of G₈, G₁₀, G₁₁, or G₁₂ are N. In certain embodiments, G₈ and G₁₀ are both N. In certain embodiments, G₈ and G₁₁ are both N. In certain embodiments, G₈ and G₁₂ are both N. In certain embodiments, G₁₀ and G₁₂ are both N. In certain embodiments, three instances of G₈, G₁₀, G₁₁, or G₁₂ are N. In certain embodiments, G₈, G₁₀, and G₁₂ are each N.

Exemplary Ring HET groups of the formula (i), (ii), or (iii), include, but are not limited to, any one of the following ring systems, wherein one, two, or three instances of G₈, G₁₀, G₁₁, and G₁₂ are N:

Furthermore, as generally defined above, each instance of R⁸, R¹⁰, R¹¹, and R¹² is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, —CN, —NO₂, —C(═O)R′, —C(═O)OR′, —C(═O)N(R′)₂, optionally substituted alkyl, or -L¹-R³; wherein L¹, R³, and R′ are as defined herein. In certain embodiments, one of R⁸, R¹⁰, R¹¹, and R¹² is -L¹-R³. Alternatively, neither R⁸, R¹⁰, R¹¹, and R¹² is -L¹-R³. In certain embodiments, R⁸ is -L¹-R³. In certain embodiments, R¹⁰ is -L¹-R³. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is -L¹-R³. In certain embodiments, R¹² is -L¹-R³. In certain embodiments, one instance of R⁸, R¹⁰, R¹¹, and R¹² is a -L¹-R³ and the other instances (i.e., one or two instances) are a hydrogen or non-hydrogen moiety selected from the group consisting of halo, —CN, —NO₂, —C(═O)R′, —C(═O)OR′, —C(═O)N(R′)₂, or optionally substituted alkyl. For example, in certain embodiments, at least one instance of R⁸, R¹⁰, R¹¹, and R¹² is halo, e.g., fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R⁸, R¹⁰, R¹¹, and R¹² is —CN. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R⁸, R¹⁰, R¹¹, and R¹² is —NO₂. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R⁸, R¹⁰, R¹¹, and R¹² is —C(═O)R′, —C(═O)OR′, or —C(═O)N(R′)₂, wherein R′ is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R⁸, R¹⁰, R¹¹, and R¹² is optionally substituted alkyl, e.g., optionally substituted C₁₋₄ alkyl, optionally substituted C₁₋₂alkyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₃alkyl, optionally substituted C₃₋₄alkyl, optionally substituted C₁alkyl, optionally substituted C₂alkyl, optionally substituted C₃alkyl, or optionally substituted C₄alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R⁸, R¹⁰, R¹¹, and R¹² is methyl. In certain embodiments, each instance of R⁸, R¹⁰, R¹¹, and R¹² is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R⁸, R¹⁰, R¹¹, and R¹² is hydrogen or methyl.

As understood from the present disclosure, Ring HET optionally comprises a group -L¹-R³ attached thereto. In certain embodiments, Ring HET does not comprise a group of formula -L¹-R³ attached thereto, but in other embodiments, Ring HET does comprise a group of formula -L¹-R³ attached thereto. In certain embodiments, -L¹-R³ is meta to the point of attachment of Ring HET to the parent moiety. In certain embodiments, -L¹-R³ is meta to -L²-R¹³. In certain embodiments, R³ is an acyclic moiety selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, or optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R³ is a cyclic moiety selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R³ is directly attached to the Ring HET, i.e., wherein L¹ is a bond, provided that R³ is not also hydrogen. In other embodiments, R³ is indirectly attached to Ring HET, i.e., wherein L¹ is a linking group.

As generally defined herein, L¹ is a bond, —O—, —N(R^(L))—, —S—, —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)S—, —C(O)N(R^(L))—, —C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—, —OC(O)—, —OC(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—, —SC(O)—, —C(═NR^(L))—, —C(═NNR^(L))—, —C(═NOR^(L))—, —C(═NR^(L))N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(═NR^(L))—, —C(S)—, —C(S)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(S)—, —S(O)—, —OS(O)₂—, —S(O)₂O—, —SO₂—, —N(R^(L))SO₂—, —SO₂N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—, or an optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon chain, wherein one or more moieties selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R^(L))—, —S—, —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)S—, —C(O)N(R^(L))—, —C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—, —OC(O), —OC(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—, —SC(O), —C(═NR^(L))—, —C(═NNR^(L))—, —C(═NOR^(L))—, C(═NR^(L))N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(═NR^(L))—, —C(S)—, —C(S)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(S)—, —S(O), OS(O)₂—, S(O)₂O—, —SO₂—, —N(R^(L))SO₂—, —SO₂N(R^(L))—, and —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))— is optionally and independently present between two carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon chain, and optionally and independently present at one or both ends of the hydrocarbon chain. It is understood that the linker joining R³ to Ring HET may comprise one or more of the above recited moieties in combination to form the group L¹.

In certain embodiments, L¹ is a bond. In certain embodiments, L¹ is a bond, and R³ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, or optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, L¹ is a bond, and R³ is optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl.

In certain embodiments, L¹ is —O—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —S—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —C(O)—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —C(O)O—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —C(O)S—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —C(O)N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —OC(O)—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —OC(O)N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —NR^(L)C(O)—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —NR^(L)C(O)O—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —SC(O)—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —C(═NR^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —C(═NNR^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —C(═NOR^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —C(═NR^(L))N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —NR^(L)C(═NR^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —C(S)—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —C(S)N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —NR^(L)C(S)—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —S(O)—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —OS(O)₂—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —S(O)₂O—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —SO₂. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —N(R^(L))SO₂—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —SO₂N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—.

In certain embodiments, L¹ is an optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon chain, e.g., in certain embodiments, L¹ is an optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ alkyl chain, L¹ is an optionally substituted C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl chain, or L¹ is an optionally substituted C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl chain. In certain embodiments, L¹ is an optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ alkyl chain, e.g., an optionally substituted C₁₋₈ alkyl chain, optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl chain, optionally substituted C₁₋₄ alkyl chain, optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl chain, or optionally substituted C₁₋₂ alkyl chain. In certain embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted C₁₋₁₀ n-alkyl chain of the formula —(CH₂)_(x)—, wherein x is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. In certain embodiments, L¹ is an optionally substituted C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl chain, e.g., an optionally substituted C₂₋₈ alkenyl chain, optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl chain, optionally substituted C₂₋₄ alkenyl chain, optionally substituted C₂₋₃ alkenyl chain, or optionally substituted C₂ alkenyl chain. In certain embodiments, L¹ is an optionally substituted C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl chain, e.g., an optionally substituted C₂₋₈ alkynyl chain, optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl chain, optionally substituted C₂₋₄ alkynyl chain, optionally substituted C₂₋₃ alkynyl chain, or optionally substituted C₂ alkynyl chain.

In certain embodiments, L¹ is an optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon chain, wherein one or more moieties selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R^(L))—, —S—, —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)S—, —C(O)N(R^(L))—, —C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—, —OC(O)—, —OC(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—, —SC(O)—, —C(═NR^(L))—, —C(═NNR^(L))—, —C(═NOR^(L))—, —C(═NR^(L))N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(═NR^(L))—, —C(S)—, —C(S)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(S)—, —S(O)—, —OS(O)₂—, —S(O)₂O—, —SO₂—, —N(R^(L))SO₂—, —SO₂N(R^(L))—, or —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))— independently present between two carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon chain, or present at one or both ends of the hydrocarbon chain. In this instance, in certain embodiments, L¹ is a chain of at least 2 atoms, e.g., L¹ is a chain comprising 1 to 10 carbon atoms (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 carbon atoms), and 1 or more of the above recited moieties (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or more), to provide a chain of between 2 and 20 atoms, inclusive, e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 chain atoms. In certain embodiments, a moiety is present between two carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, a moiety is present at one end of the hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, a moiety is independently present at each end of the hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, L¹ is an optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ alkyl chain, L¹ is an optionally substituted C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl chain, or L¹ is an optionally substituted C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl chain comprising one or more of the above recited moieties independently present between two carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon chain, or present at one or both ends of the hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, L¹ is an optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ alkyl chain, e.g., an optionally substituted C₁₋₈ alkyl chain, optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl chain, optionally substituted C₁₋₄ alkyl chain, optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl chain, or optionally substituted C₁₋₂ alkyl chain, comprising one or more of the above recited moieties independently present between two carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon chain, or present at one or both ends of the hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted C₁₋₁₀ n-alkyl chain of the formula —(CH₂)_(x)—, wherein x is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, comprising one or more of the above recited moieties independently present between two carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon chain, or present at one or both ends of the hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, L¹ is an optionally substituted C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl chain, e.g., an optionally substituted C₂₋₈ alkenyl chain, optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl chain, optionally substituted C₂₋₄alkenyl chain, optionally substituted C₂₋₃ alkenyl chain, or optionally substituted C₂ alkenyl chain, comprising one or more of the above recited moieties independently present between two carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon chain, or present at one or both ends of the hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, L¹ is an optionally substituted C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl chain, e.g., an optionally substituted C₂₋₈ alkynyl chain, optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl chain, optionally substituted C₂₋₄alkynyl chain, optionally substituted C₂₋₃ alkynyl chain, or optionally substituted C₂ alkynyl chain, comprising one or more of the above recited moieties independently present between two carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon chain, or present at one or both ends of the hydrocarbon chain.

As described above, in certain embodiments, L¹ is an unsubstituted C₁₋₁₀ n-alkyl chain of the formula —(CH₂)_(x)—, wherein x is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, comprising one or more of the above recited moieties independently present between two carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon chain, or present at one or both ends of the hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —O—(CH₂)_(x)—, —(CH₂)_(x)—O—, or —O—(CH₂)_(x)—O—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —N(R^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)—, —(CH₂)_(x)—N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)—N(R^(L))—, —O—(CH₂)_(x)—N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)—O—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)O—, or —OC(O)—(CH₂)_(x)—N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —S—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—S—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —C(O)—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —C(O)O—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)O—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —C(O)S—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)S—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —C(O)N(R^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —OC(O)—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—OC(O)—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —OC(O)N(R^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—OC(O)N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —NR^(L)C(O)—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)C(O)—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —NR^(L)C(O)O—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)C(O)O—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —SC(O)—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—SC(O)—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —C(═NR^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—C(═NR^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —C(═NNR^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—C(═NNR^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —C(═NOR^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—C(═NOR^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —C(═NR^(L))N(R^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—C(═NR^(L))N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —NR^(L)C(═NR^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)C(═NR^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —C(S)—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—C(S)—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —C(S)N(R^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—C(S)N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —NR^(L)C(S)—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)C(S)—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —S(O)—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—S(O)—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —OS(O)₂—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—OS(O)₂—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —S(O)₂O—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—S(O)₂O—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —SO₂—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—SO₂—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —N(R^(L))SO₂—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—N(R^(L))SO₂—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —SO₂N(R^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—SO₂N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L¹ is a bond, —N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)O—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—O—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—, —(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)—, —NR^(L)C(O)O(CH₂)_(x)—, —NR^(L)C(O)NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)—, or —NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)NR^(L)C(O)—.

In certain embodiments, R³ is an acyclic moiety selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, and optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R³ is hydrogen, e.g., for example, when L¹ is —N(R^(L))— or —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)—. In certain embodiments, R³ is optionally substituted alkyl, e.g., for example, when L¹ is —NR^(L)C(O)O—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)O—, or —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—O—. In certain embodiments, R³ is optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, e.g., optionally substituted C₁₋₅alkyl, optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl, optionally substituted C₁₋₂alkyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₃alkyl, optionally substituted C₃₋₄alkyl, optionally substituted C₁alkyl, optionally substituted C₂alkyl, optionally substituted C₃alkyl, optionally substituted C₄alkyl, optionally substituted C₅alkyl, or optionally substituted C₆alkyl. Exemplary R³ C₁₋₆alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl (C₁), ethyl (C₂), n-propyl (C₃), isopropyl (C₃), n-butyl (C₄), tert-butyl (C₄), sec-butyl (C₄), iso-butyl (C₄), n-pentyl (C₅), 3-pentanyl (C₅), amyl (C₅), neopentyl (C₅), 3-methyl-2-butanyl (C₅), tertiary amyl (C₅), and n-hexyl (C₆). In certain embodiments, R³ is alkyl substituted with —CN, e.g., —(CH₂)_(y)CN, wherein y is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In certain embodiments, R³ is alkyl substituted with hydroxy or substituted hydroxy, e.g., —(CH₂)_(y)OCH₃, wherein y is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In certain embodiments, R³ is alkyl substituted with amino or substituted amino, e.g., —(CH₂)_(y)NH₂, wherein y is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In certain embodiments, R³ is optionally substituted alkenyl, e.g., for example, when L¹ is a bond. In certain embodiments, R³ is optionally substituted C₂₋₄ alkenyl, e.g., optionally substituted C₂₋₃alkenyl, optionally substituted C₃₋₄alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂alkenyl, optionally substituted C₃alkenyl, or optionally substituted C₄alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R³ is optionally substituted C₂alkenyl or C₃alkenyl, e.g., optionally substituted vinyl or optionally substituted allyl. In certain embodiments, R³ is optionally substituted alkynyl, e.g., for example, when L¹ is a bond. In certain embodiments, R³ is optionally substituted C₂₋₄ alkynyl, e.g., optionally substituted C₂₋₃alkynyl, optionally substituted C₃₋₄alkynyl, optionally substituted C₂alkynyl, optionally substituted C₃alkynyl, or optionally substituted C₄alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R³ is optionally substituted C₂alkynyl, e.g., optionally substituted acetylene.

Alternatively, in certain embodiments, R³ is a cyclic moiety selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl. It is understood that the R³ cyclic moiety may be monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., bicyclic or tricyclic). In certain embodiments, R³ is a monocylic optionally substituted carbocyclyl, monocylic optionally substituted heterocyclyl, monocylic optionally substituted aryl, or monocylic optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R³ is a bicyclic optionally substituted carbocyclyl, bicyclic optionally substituted heterocyclyl, bicyclic optionally substituted aryl, or bicyclic optionally substituted heteroaryl.

In certain embodiments, R³ is an optionally substituted monocyclic or bicyclic carbocyclyl, e.g., an optionally substituted C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₃₋₉ carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₃₋₈ carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₃₋₇ carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₃₋₆ carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₃₋₄carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₅₋₁₀ carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₃ carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₄ carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₅ carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₆ carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₇ carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₈ carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₉ carbocyclyl, or optionally substituted C₁₀ carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R³ is an optionally substituted cyclopropyl (C₃), cyclopropenyl (C₃), cyclobutyl (C₄), cyclobutenyl (C₄), cyclopentyl (C₅), cyclopentenyl (C₅), cyclohexyl (C₆), cyclohexenyl (C₆), cyclohexadienyl (C₆), cycloheptyl (C₇), cycloheptenyl (C₇), cycloheptadienyl (C₇), cycloheptatrienyl (C₇), cyclooctyl (C₈), cyclooctenyl (C₈), bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl (C₇), bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl (C₈), cyclononyl (C₉), cyclononenyl (C₉), cyclodecyl (C₁₀), cyclodecenyl (C₁₀), octahydro-1H indenyl (C₉), decahydronaphthalenyl (C₁₀), or spiro[4.5]decanyl (C₁₀) ring.

In certain embodiments, R³ is an optionally substituted monocyclic or bicyclic heterocyclyl, e.g., an optionally substituted 3- to 10-membered heterocyclyl, 3- to 8-membered heterocyclyl, 3- to 6-membered heterocyclyl, 3- to 5-membered heterocyclyl, 3- to 4-membered heterocyclyl, 3-membered heterocyclyl, 4-membered heterocyclyl, 5-membered heterocyclyl, 6-membered heterocyclyl, 7-membered heterocyclyl, 8-membered heterocyclyl, 9-membered heterocyclyl, or 10-membered heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R³ is an optionally substituted azirdinyl, oxiranyl, thiorenyl, azetidinyl, oxetanyl, thietanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, dihydrothiophenyl, pyrrolidinyl, dihydropyrrolyl, pyrrolidin-2-one, pyrrolyl-2,5-dione, dioxolanyl, oxasulfuranyl, disulfuranyl, oxazolidin-2-one, triazolinyl, oxadiazolinyl, thiadiazolinyl, piperidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dihydropyridinyl, thianyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, dithianyl, dioxanyl, triazinanyl, azepanyl, oxepanyl, thiepanyl, azocanyl, oxecanyl, thiocanyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, dihydrobenzothienyl, benzoxazolinonyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, furo[2,3-b]furanyl, 2,3-dihydro-1,4-dioxinyl, 3-oxa-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl, or 8-oxa-3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl ring.

In certain embodiments, R³ is an optionally substituted monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, e.g., an optionally substituted phenyl, or optionally substituted naphthyl ring.

In certain embodiments, R³ is an optionally substituted monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl, e.g., an optionally substituted 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted 5- to 8-membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted 5-membered heteroaryl, or optionally substituted 6-membered heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R³ is an optionally substituted pyrrolyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, tetrazinyl, azepinyl, oxepinyl, thiepinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, indazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzothiophenyl, isobenzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl, benzoisofuranyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzthiadiazolyl, indolizinyl, purinyl, naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, quinoxalinyl, phthalazinyl, or quinazolinyl ring.

In certain embodiments, R³ is a cyclic moiety selected from the group consisting of

wherein:

each instance of

independently represents a single or double bond;

n is 0, 1, 2, or 3;

each instance of R^(3A) is independently hydroxyl, substituted hydroxyl, thiol, substituted thiol, amino, substituted amino, carbonyl, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, —CN, —NO₂, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, or two R^(3A) groups are joined to form an optionally substituted carbocyclic, optionally substituted heterocyclic, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, or R^(3A) and R^(3B) groups are joined to form an optionally substituted carbocyclic, optionally substituted heterocyclic, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl ring; and

R^(3B) is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group.

In certain embodiments, n is 0. In certain embodiments, n is 1. In certain embodiments, n is 2. In certain embodiments, n is 3. In certain embodiments, each instance of R^(3A) is independently hydroxyl, —OCH₃, optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl (e.g., methyl, trifluoromethyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, secbutyl, tertbutyl), —CN, or sulfonyl (e.g., —S(O)₂CH₃).

As generally defined herein, L² is a bond, —O—, —N(R^(L))—, —S—, —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)S—, —C(O)N(R^(L))—, —C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—, —OC(O)—, —OC(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—, —SC(O)—, —C(═NR^(L))—, —C(═NNR^(L)—, —C(═NOR^(L))—, —C(═NR^(L))N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(═NR^(L))—, —C(S)—, —C(S)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(S)—, —S(O)—, —OS(O)₂—, —S(O)₂O—, —SO₂—, —N(R^(L))SO₂—, —SO₂N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—, or an optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon chain, wherein one or more moieties selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R^(L))—, —S—, —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)S—, —C(O)N(R^(L))—, —C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—, —OC(O)—, —OC(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—, —SC(O)—, —C(═NR^(L))—, —C(═NNR^(L))—, —C(═NOR^(L))—, —C(═NR^(L))N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(═NR^(L))—, —C(S)—, —C(S)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(S)—, —S(O)—, —OS(O)₂—, —S(O)₂O—, —SO₂—, —N(R^(L))SO₂—, —SO₂N(R^(L))—, and —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))— is optionally and independently present between two carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon chain, and optionally and independently present at one or both ends of the hydrocarbon chain. It is understood that the linker joining R¹³ to Ring HET may comprise one or more of the above recited moieties in combination to form the group L².

In certain embodiments, L² is a bond. In certain embodiments, L² is —O—. In certain embodiments, L² is —N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L² is —S—. In certain embodiments, L² is —C(O)—. In certain embodiments, L² is —C(O)O—. In certain embodiments, L² is —C(O)S—. In certain embodiments, L² is —C(O)N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L² is —C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L² is —OC(O)—. In certain embodiments, L² is —OC(O)N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L² is —NR^(L)C(O)—. In certain embodiments, L² is —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L² is —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L² is —NR^(L)C(O)O—. In certain embodiments, L² is —SC(O)—. In certain embodiments, L² is —C(═NR^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L² is —C(═NNR^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L² is —C(═NOR^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L² is —C(═NR^(L))N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L² is —NR^(L)C(═NR^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L² is —C(S)—. In certain embodiments, L² is —C(S)N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L² is —NR^(L)C(S)—. In certain embodiments, L² is —S(O)—. In certain embodiments, L² is —OS(O)₂—. In certain embodiments, L² is —S(O)₂O—. In certain embodiments, L² is —SO₂—. In certain embodiments, L² is —N(R^(L))SO₂—. In certain embodiments, L² is —SO₂N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L² is —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—.

In certain embodiments, L² is an optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon chain, e.g., in certain embodiments, L² is an optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ alkyl chain, L² is an optionally substituted C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl chain, or L² is an optionally substituted C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl chain. In certain embodiments, L² is an optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ alkyl chain, e.g., an optionally substituted C₁₋₈ alkyl chain, optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl chain, optionally substituted C₁₋₄ alkyl chain, optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl chain, or optionally substituted C₁₋₂ alkyl chain. In certain embodiments, L² is an unsubstituted C₁₋₁₀ n-alkyl chain of the formula —(CH₂)_(x)—, wherein x is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. In certain embodiments, L² is an optionally substituted C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl chain, e.g., an optionally substituted C₂₋₈ alkenyl chain, optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl chain, optionally substituted C₂₋₄ alkenyl chain, optionally substituted C₂₋₃ alkenyl chain, or optionally substituted C₂ alkenyl chain. In certain embodiments, L² is an optionally substituted C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl chain, e.g., an optionally substituted C₂₋₈ alkynyl chain, optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl chain, optionally substituted C₂₋₄alkynyl chain, optionally substituted C₂₋₃ alkynyl chain, or optionally substituted C₂ alkynyl chain.

In certain embodiments, L² is an optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon chain, wherein one or more moieties selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R^(L))—, —S—, —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)S—, —C(O)N(R^(L))—, —C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—, —OC(O)—, —OC(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—, —SC(O)—, —C(═NR^(L))—, —C(═NNR^(L))—, —C(═NOR^(L))—, —C(═NR^(L))N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(═NR^(L))—, —C(S)—, —C(S)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(S)—, —S(O)—, —OS(O)₂—, —S(O)₂O—, —SO₂—, —N(R^(L))SO₂—, —SO₂N(R^(L))—, or —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))— independently present between two carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon chain, or present at one or both ends of the hydrocarbon chain. In this instance, in certain embodiments, L² is a chain of at least 2 atoms, e.g., L² is a chain comprising 1 to 10 carbon atoms (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 carbon atoms), and 1 or more of the above recited moieties (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or more), to provide a chain of between 2 and 20 atoms, inclusive, e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 chain atoms. In certain embodiments, a moiety is present between two carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, a moiety is present at one end of the hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, a moiety is independently present at each end of the hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, L² is an optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ alkyl chain, L² is an optionally substituted C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl chain, or L² is an optionally substituted C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl chain comprising one or more of the above recited moieties independently present between two carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon chain, or present at one or both ends of the hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, L² is an optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ alkyl chain, e.g., an optionally substituted C₁₋₈ alkyl chain, optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl chain, optionally substituted C₁₋₄ alkyl chain, optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl chain, or optionally substituted C₁₋₂ alkyl chain, comprising one or more of the above recited moieties independently present between two carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon chain, or present at one or both ends of the hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, L² is an unsubstituted C₁₋₁₀ n-alkyl chain of the formula —(CH₂)_(x)—, wherein x is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, comprising one or more of the above recited moieties independently present between two carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon chain, or present at one or both ends of the hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, L² is an optionally substituted C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl chain, e.g., an optionally substituted C₂₋₈ alkenyl chain, optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl chain, optionally substituted C₂₋₄ alkenyl chain, optionally substituted C₂₋₃ alkenyl chain, or optionally substituted C₂ alkenyl chain, comprising one or more of the above recited moieties independently present between two carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon chain, or present at one or both ends of the hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, L² is an optionally substituted C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl chain, e.g., an optionally substituted C₂₋₈ alkynyl chain, optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl chain, optionally substituted C₂₋₄ alkynyl chain, optionally substituted C₂₋₃ alkynyl chain, or optionally substituted C₂ alkynyl chain, comprising one or more of the above recited moieties independently present between two carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon chain, or present at one or both ends of the hydrocarbon chain.

As described above, in certain embodiments, L² is an unsubstituted C₁₋₁₀ n-alkyl chain of the formula —(CH₂)_(x)—, wherein x is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, comprising one or more of the above recited moieties independently present between two carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon chain, or present at one or both ends of the hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, L² is —O—(CH₂)_(x)—, —(CH₂)_(x)—O—, or —O—(CH₂)_(x)—O—. In certain embodiments, L² is —N(R^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)—, —(CH₂)_(x)—N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)—N(R^(L))—, —O—(CH₂)_(x)—N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)—O—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)O—, or —OC(O)—(CH₂)_(x)—N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L² is —S—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—S—. In certain embodiments, L² is —C(O)—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—. In certain embodiments, L² is —C(O)O—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)O—. In certain embodiments, L² is —C(O)S—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)S—. In certain embodiments, L² is —C(O)N(R^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L² is —C(O)N(R^(L)N(R^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L² is —OC(O)—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—OC(O)—. In certain embodiments, L² is —OC(O)N(R^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—OC(O)N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L² is —NR^(L)C(O)—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)C(O)—. In certain embodiments, L² is —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L² is —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L² is —NR^(L)C(O)O—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)C(O)O—. In certain embodiments, L² is —SC(O)—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—SC(O)—. In certain embodiments, L² is —C(═NR^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—C(═NR^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L² is —C(═NNR^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—C(═NNR^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L² is —C(═NOR^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—C(═NOR^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L² is —C(═NR^(L))N(R^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—C(═NR^(L))N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L² is —NR^(L)C(═NR^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)C(═NR^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L² is —C(S)—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—C(S)—. In certain embodiments, L² is —C(S)N(R^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—C(S)N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L² is —NR^(L)C(S)—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)C(S)—. In certain embodiments, L² is —S(O)—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—S(O)—. In certain embodiments, L² is —OS(O)₂—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—OS(O)₂—. In certain embodiments, L² is —S(O)₂O—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—S(O)₂O—. In certain embodiments, L² is —SO₂—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—SO₂—. In certain embodiments, L² is —N(R^(L))SO₂—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—N(R^(L))SO₂—. In certain embodiments, L² is —SO₂N(R^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—SO₂N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L² is —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—(CH₂)_(x)— or —(CH₂)_(x)—N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—. In certain embodiments, L² is a bond, —N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)O—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—O—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—, —(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)—, —NR^(L)C(O)O(CH₂)_(x)—, —NR^(L)C(O)NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)—, or —NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)NR^(L)C(O)—.

As generally defined herein, R¹³ attached directly (wherein L² is a bond) or indirectly (wherein L² is a linking group) to Ring HET is a cyclic moiety selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl. It is understood that the R¹³ cyclic moiety may be monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., bicyclic or tricyclic). In certain embodiments, R¹³ is a monocylic optionally substituted carbocyclyl, monocylic optionally substituted heterocyclyl, monocylic optionally substituted aryl, or monocylic optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R¹³ is a bicyclic optionally substituted carbocyclyl, bicyclic optionally substituted heterocyclyl, bicyclic optionally substituted aryl, or bicyclic optionally substituted heteroaryl.

In certain embodiments, R¹³ is an optionally substituted monocyclic or bicyclic carbocyclyl, e.g., an optionally substituted C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₃₋₉ carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₃₋₈ carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₃₋₇ carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₃₋₆ carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₃₋₄carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₅₋₁₀ carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₃ carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₄ carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₅ carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₆ carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₇ carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₈ carbocyclyl, optionally substituted C₉ carbocyclyl, or optionally substituted C₁₀ carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R¹³ is an optionally substituted cyclopropyl (C₃), cyclopropenyl (C₃), cyclobutyl (C₄), cyclobutenyl (C₄), cyclopentyl (C₅), cyclopentenyl (C₅), cyclohexyl (C₆), cyclohexenyl (C₆), cyclohexadienyl (C₆), cycloheptyl (C₇), cycloheptenyl (C₇), cycloheptadienyl (C₇), cycloheptatrienyl (C₇), cyclooctyl (C₈), cyclooctenyl (C₈), bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl (C₇), bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl (C₈), cyclononyl (C₉), cyclononenyl (C₉), cyclodecyl (C₁₀), cyclodecenyl (C₁₀), octahydro-1H indenyl (C₉), decahydronaphthalenyl (C₁₀), or spiro[4.5]decanyl (C₁₀) ring.

In certain embodiments, R¹³ is an optionally substituted monocyclic or bicyclic heterocyclyl, e.g., an optionally substituted 3- to 10-membered heterocyclyl, 3- to 8-membered heterocyclyl, 3- to 6-membered heterocyclyl, 3- to 5-membered heterocyclyl, 3- to 4-membered heterocyclyl, 3-membered heterocyclyl, 4-membered heterocyclyl, 5-membered heterocyclyl, 6-membered heterocyclyl, 7-membered heterocyclyl, 8-membered heterocyclyl, 9-membered heterocyclyl, or 10-membered heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R³ is an optionally substituted azirdinyl, oxiranyl, thiorenyl, azetidinyl, oxetanyl, thietanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, dihydrothiophenyl, pyrrolidinyl, dihydropyrrolyl, pyrrolidin-2-one, pyrrolyl-2,5-dione, dioxolanyl, oxasulfuranyl, disulfuranyl, oxazolidin-2-one, triazolinyl, oxadiazolinyl, thiadiazolinyl, piperidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dihydropyridinyl, thianyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, dithianyl, dioxanyl, triazinanyl, azepanyl, oxepanyl, thiepanyl, azocanyl, oxecanyl, thiocanyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, dihydrobenzothienyl, benzoxazolinonyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, furo[2,3-b]furanyl, 2,3-dihydro-1,4-dioxinyl, 3-oxa-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl, or 8-oxa-3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl ring.

In certain embodiments, R¹³ is an optionally substituted monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, e.g., an optionally substituted phenyl, or optionally substituted naphthyl ring.

In certain embodiments, R¹³ is an optionally substituted monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl, e.g., an optionally substituted 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted 5- to 8-membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted 5-membered heteroaryl, or optionally substituted 6-membered heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R¹³ is an optionally substituted pyrrolyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, tetrazinyl, azepinyl, oxepinyl, thiepinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, indazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzothiophenyl, isobenzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl, benzoisofuranyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzthiadiazolyl, indolizinyl, purinyl, naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, quinoxalinyl, phthalazinyl, or quinazolinyl ring.

In certain embodiments, R¹³ is a cyclic moiety selected from the group consisting of:

wherein:

each instance of

independently represents a single or double bond;

m is 0, 1, 2, or 3;

each instance of R^(13A) is independently hydroxyl, substituted hydroxyl, thiol, substituted thiol, amino, substituted amino, carbonyl, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, —CN, —NO₂, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, or two R^(13A) groups are joined to form an optionally substituted carbocyclic, optionally substituted heterocyclic, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, or R^(13A) and R^(13B) group are joined to form an optionally substituted carbocyclic, optionally substituted heterocyclic, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl ring; and

R^(13B) is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group.

In certain embodiments, m is 0. In certain embodiments, m is 1. In certain embodiments, m is 2. In certain embodiments, m is 3. In certain embodiments, each instance of R^(13A) is independently hydroxyl, —OCH₃, optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl (e.g., methyl, trifluoromethyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, secbutyl, tertbutyl), —CN, or sulfonyl (e.g., —S(O)₂CH₃).

As generally defined herein, each R^(L) provided in L¹ and L² is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group, or R^(L) and R³ taken together form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, or R^(L) and R¹³ taken together form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl ring. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R^(L) is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, each instance of R^(L) is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R^(L) is optionally substituted alkyl, e.g., optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, optionally substituted C₁₋₅alkyl, optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl, optionally substituted C₁₋₂alkyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₃alkyl, optionally substituted C₃alkyl, optionally substituted C₁alkyl, optionally substituted C₂alkyl, optionally substituted C₃alkyl, optionally substituted C₄alkyl, optionally substituted C₅alkyl, or optionally substituted C₆alkyl. Exemplary R^(L)C₁₋₆alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl (C₁), ethyl (C₂), n-propyl (C₃), isopropyl (C₃), n-butyl (C₄), tert-butyl (C₄), sec-butyl (C₄), iso-butyl (C₄), n-pentyl (C₅), 3-pentanyl (C₅), amyl (C₅), neopentyl (C₅), 3-methyl-2-butanyl (C₅), tertiary amyl (C₅), and n-hexyl (C₆). In certain embodiments, R^(L) is alkyl substituted with —CN, e.g., —(CH₂)_(z)CN, wherein z is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In certain embodiments, R^(L) is alkyl substituted with hydroxy or substituted hydroxy, e.g., —(CH₂)_(z)OCH₃, wherein z is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In certain embodiments, R^(L) is alkyl substituted with amino or substituted amino, e.g., —(CH₂)_(z)NH₂, wherein z is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R^(L) is a nitrogen protecting group. In certain embodiments, R^(L) and R³ taken together form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl ring, e.g., an optionally substituted 3- to 10-membered heterocyclyl, 3- to 8-membered heterocyclyl, 3- to 6-membered heterocyclyl, 3- to 5-membered heterocyclyl, 3- to 4-membered heterocyclyl, 3-membered heterocyclyl, 4-membered heterocyclyl, 5-membered heterocyclyl, 6-membered heterocyclyl, 7-membered heterocyclyl, 8-membered heterocyclyl, 9-membered heterocyclyl, or 10-membered heterocyclyl ring. In certain embodiments, R^(L) and R³ taken together form an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, e.g., an optionally substituted 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted 5- to 8-membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted 5-membered heteroaryl, or optionally substituted 6-membered heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R^(L) and R¹³ taken together form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl ring, e.g., an optionally substituted 3- to 10-membered heterocyclyl, 3- to 8-membered heterocyclyl, 3- to 6-membered heterocyclyl, 3- to 5-membered heterocyclyl, 3- to 4-membered heterocyclyl, 3-membered heterocyclyl, 4-membered heterocyclyl, 5-membered heterocyclyl, 6-membered heterocyclyl, 7-membered heterocyclyl, 8-membered heterocyclyl, 9-membered heterocyclyl, or 10-membered heterocyclyl ring. In certain embodiments, R^(L) and R¹³ taken together form an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, e.g., an optionally substituted 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted 5- to 8-membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted 5-membered heteroaryl, or optionally substituted 6-membered heteroaryl.

Various combination of the above described embodiments are further contemplated herein. For example, in certain embodiments of Formula (I-h), wherein G₈ and G₁₂ are both N, provided is a compound of Formula (I-i):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In certain embodiments, X is —O—. In certain embodiments, R¹ is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, or cyclopropyl. In certain embodiments, R^(2a), R^(2c), and R^(2d) are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R^(2b) is halogen (e.g., chloro), —CN, —C(═O)R^(A2), —OR^(A2), —SR^(A2), —N(R^(A2))₂, optionally substituted cyclopropyl, optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₄alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₄alkynyl, wherein R^(A2) is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, L² is a bond, —N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)O—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—O—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—, —(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)—, —NR^(L)C(O)O(CH₂)_(x), —NR^(L)C(O)NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)—, or —NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)NR^(L)C(O)—. In certain embodiments, R¹³ is optionally substituted heterocylyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl.

In certain embodiments of Formula (I-h), wherein G₈ and G₁₂ are both N, and G₁₁ is a group of formula C—R¹¹, provided is a compound of Formula (I-j):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In certain embodiments, X is —O—. In certain embodiments, R¹ is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, or cyclopropyl. In certain embodiments, R^(2a), R^(2c), and R^(2d) are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R^(2b) is halogen (e.g., chloro), —CN, —C(═O)R², —OR², —SR^(A2), —N(R^(A2))₂, optionally substituted cyclopropyl, optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₄alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₄alkynyl, wherein R^(A2) is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, L² is a bond, —N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)O—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—O—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—, —(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)—, —NR^(L)C(O)O(CH₂)_(x)—, —NR^(L)C(O)NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)—, or —NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)NR^(L)C(O)—. In certain embodiments, R¹³ is optionally substituted heterocylyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is hydrogen or a group -L¹-R³.

In certain embodiments of Formula (I-h), wherein G₈ and G₁₂ are both N, G₁₁ is C—R¹¹, and G₁₀ is C—R¹⁰, provided is a compound of Formula (I-k):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In certain embodiments, X is —O—. In certain embodiments, R¹ is hydrogen, methyl, or ethyl. In certain embodiments, R^(2a), R^(2c), and R^(2d) are hydrogen In certain embodiments, R^(2b) is halogen (e.g., chloro), —CN, —C(═O)R², —OR², —SR^(A2), —N(R^(A2))₂, optionally substituted cyclopropyl, optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₄alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₄alkynyl, wherein R^(A2) is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, L² is a bond, —N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)O—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—O—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—, —(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)—, —NR^(L)C(O)O(CH₂)_(x)—, —NR^(L)C(O)NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)—, or —NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)NR^(L)C(O)—. In certain embodiments, R¹³ is optionally substituted heterocylyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is hydrogen or a group -L¹-R³. In certain embodiments, R¹⁰ is hydrogen or methyl.

In certain embodiments of Formula (I-h), wherein G₈ and G₁₂ are both N, G₁₁ is C—R¹¹, R¹¹ is -L¹-R³, and G₁₀ is C—R¹⁰, provided is a compound of Formula (I-l):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In certain embodiments, X is —O—. In certain embodiments, R¹ is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, or cyclopropyl. In certain embodiments, R^(2a), R^(2c), and R^(2d) are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R^(2b) is halogen (e.g., chloro), —CN, —C(═O)R^(A2), —OR^(A2), —SR^(A2), —N(R^(A2))₂, optionally substituted cyclopropyl, optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₄alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₄alkynyl, wherein R^(A2) is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, L² is a bond, —N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)O—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—O—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—, —(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)—, —NR^(L)C(O)O(CH₂)_(x), —NR^(L)C(O)NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)—, or —NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)NR^(L)C(O)—. In certain embodiments, R¹³ is optionally substituted heterocylyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, L¹ is a bond, —N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)O—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—O—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—, —(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)—, —NR^(L)C(O)O(CH₂)_(x)—, —NR^(L)C(O)NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)—, or —NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)NR^(L)C(O)—. In certain embodiments, R³ is an acyclic moiety. In certain embodiments, R³ is a cyclic moiety. In certain embodiments, R¹⁰ is hydrogen or methyl.

In other embodiments of Formula (I-h), wherein G₈ and G₁₀ are both N, provided is a compound of Formula (I-m):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In certain embodiments, X is —O—. In certain embodiments, R¹ is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, or cyclopropyl. In certain embodiments, R^(2a), R^(2c), and R^(2d) are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R^(2b) is halogen (e.g., chloro), —CN, —C(═O)R^(A2), —OR^(A2), —SR^(A2), —N(R^(A2))₂, optionally substituted cyclopropyl, optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₄alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₄alkynyl, wherein R^(A2) is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, L² is a bond, —N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)O—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—O—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—, —(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)—, —NR^(L)C(O)O(CH₂)_(x), —NR^(L)C(O)NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)—, or —NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)NR^(L)C(O)—. In certain embodiments, R¹³ is optionally substituted heterocylyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl.

In certain embodiments of Formula (I-h), wherein G₈ and G₁₂ are both N, and G₁₁ is C—R¹¹, provided is a compound of Formula (I-n):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In certain embodiments, X is —O—. In certain embodiments, R¹ is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, or cyclopropyl. In certain embodiments, R^(2a), R^(2c), and R^(2d) are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R^(2b) is halogen (e.g., chloro), —CN, —C(═O)R^(A2), —OR^(A2), —SR^(A2), —N(R^(A2))₂, optionally substituted cyclopropyl, optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₄alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₄alkynyl, wherein R^(A2) is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, L² is a bond, —N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)O—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—O—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—, —(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)—, —NR^(L)C(O)O(CH₂)_(x), —NR^(L)C(O)NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)—, or —NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)NR^(L)C(O)—. In certain embodiments, R¹³ is optionally substituted heterocylyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is hydrogen or a group -L¹-R³.

In certain embodiments of Formula (I-h), wherein G₈ and G₁₂ are both N, G₁₁ is C—R¹¹, and G₁₂ is C—R¹², provided is a compound of Formula (I-o):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In certain embodiments, X is —O—. In certain embodiments, R¹ is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, or cyclopropyl. In certain embodiments, R^(2a), R^(2c), and R^(2d) are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R^(2b) is halogen (e.g., chloro), —CN, —C(═O)R^(A2), —OR^(A2), —SR^(A2), —N(R^(A2))₂, optionally substituted cyclopropyl, optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₄alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₄alkynyl, wherein R^(A2) is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, L² is a bond, —N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)O—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—O—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—, —(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)—, —NR^(L)C(O)O(CH₂)_(x), —NR^(L)C(O)NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)—, or —NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)NR^(L)C(O)—. In certain embodiments, R¹³ is optionally substituted heterocylyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R¹¹ is hydrogen or a group -L¹-R³. In certain embodiments, R¹² is hydrogen or methyl.

In certain embodiments of Formula (I-h), wherein G₈ and G₁₂ are both N, G₁₁ is C—R¹¹, R¹¹ is a group of formula -L-R³, and G₁₂ is C—R¹², provided is a compound of Formula (I-p):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In certain embodiments, X is —O—. In certain embodiments, R¹ is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, or cyclopropyl. In certain embodiments, R^(2a), R^(2c), and R^(2d) are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R^(2b) is halogen (e.g., chloro), —CN, —C(═O)R², —OR², —SR^(A2), —N(R^(A2))₂, optionally substituted cyclopropyl, optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₄alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₄alkynyl, wherein R^(A2) is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, L² is a bond, —N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)O—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—O—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—, —(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)—, —NR^(L)C(O)O(CH₂)_(x), —NR^(L)C(O)NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)—, or —NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)NR^(L)C(O)—. In certain embodiments, R¹³ is optionally substituted heterocylyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, L¹ is a bond, —N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)O—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—O—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—, —(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)—, —NR^(L)C(O)O(CH₂)_(x)—, —NR^(L)C(O)NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)—, or —NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)NR^(L)C(O)—. In certain embodiments, R³ is an acyclic moiety. In certain embodiments, R³ is a cyclic moiety. In certain embodiments, R¹² is hydrogen or methyl.

In certain embodiments, a compound of Formula (I) is selected from any one of the compounds provided in Tables 1 and 2, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

TABLE 1 Exemplary Compounds # Structure LC-MS m/z (M + H) 1-1

450.3 2-1

450.3 3-1

444.3 4-1

359.2 5-1

383.2 6-1

387.2 7-1

397.2 8-1

403.3 9-1

408.1 10-1

413.3 11-1

413.3 12-1

414.2 13-1

415.3 14-1

416.3 15-1

416.3 16-1

416.3 17-1

419.2 18-1

420.1 19-1

427.2 20-1

428.3 21-1

429.3 22-1

430.3 23-1

434.2 24-1

443.2 25-1

443.3 26-1

444.3 27-1

444.4 28-1

447.3 29-1

449.2 30-1

449.2 31-1

449.2 32-1

450.2 33-1

454.3 34-1

455.3 35-1

458.2 36-1

458.4 37-1

458.3 38-1

460.2 39-1

460.2 40-1

464.3 41-1

464.2 42-1

466.1 43-1

469.0 44-1

469.2 45-1

470.3 46-1

475.2 47-1

475.2 48-1

476.0 49-1

478.2 50-1

478.1 51-1

481.3 52-1

486.3 53-1

486.2 54-1

487.1 55-1

489.3 56-1

496.3 57-1

498.1 58-1

498.2 59-1

507.1 60-1

507.2 61-1

509.2 62-1

525.0 63-1

526.2 64-1

527.2 65-1

532.2 66-1

534.2 67-1

536.3 68-1

536.3 69-1

537.3 70-1

538.3 71-1

545.2 72-1

545.2 73-1

554.2 74-1

559.2 75-1

561.0

TABLE 2 Exemplary Conpounds # Structure LC-MS m/z (M + H) 1-2

387.2 2-2

401.3 3-2

402.2 4-2

413.2 5-2

413.3 6-2

415.3 7-2

416.3 8-2

416.3 9-2

416.3 10-2

429.3 11-2

436.3 12-2

444.3 13-2

444.2 14-2

450.2 15-2

458.2 16-2

489.2

In certain embodiments, a provided compound inhibits CARM1. In certain embodiments, a provided compound inhibits wild-type CARM1. In certain embodiments, a provided compound inhibits a mutant CARM1. In certain embodiments, a provided compound inhibits CARM1, e.g., as measured in an assay described herein. In certain embodiments, the CARM1 is from a human. In certain embodiments, a provided compound inhibits CARM1 at an IC₅₀ less than or equal to 10 μM. In certain embodiments, a provided compound inhibits CARM1 at an IC₅₀ less than or equal to 1 μM. In certain embodiments, a provided compound inhibits CARM1 at an IC₅₀ less than or equal to 0.1 μM. In certain embodiments, a provided compound inhibits CARM1 in a cell at an EC₅₀ less than or equal to 10 μM. In certain embodiments, a provided compound inhibits CARM1 in a cell at an EC₅₀ less than or equal to 1 μM. In certain embodiments, a provided compound inhibits CARM1 in a cell at an EC₅₀ less than or equal to 0.1 μM. In certain embodiments, a provided compound inhibits cell proliferation at an EC₅₀ less than or equal to 10 μM. In certain embodiments, a provided compound inhibits cell proliferation at an EC₅₀ less than or equal to 1 μM. In certain embodiments, a provided compound inhibits cell proliferation at an EC₅₀ less than or equal to 0.1 μM. In some embodiments, a provided compound is selective for CARM1 over other methyltransferases. In certain embodiments, a provided compound is at least about 10-fold selective, at least about 20-fold selective, at least about 30-fold selective, at least about 40-fold selective, at least about 50-fold selective, at least about 60-fold selective, at least about 70-fold selective, at least about 80-fold selective, at least about 90-fold selective, or at least about 100-fold selective for PRMT1 relative to one or more other methyltransferases.

It will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the CARM1 can be wild-type CARM1, or any mutant or variant of CARM1.

The present disclosure provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound described herein, e.g., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein, and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. It will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the compounds described herein, or salts thereof, may be present in various forms, such as amorphous, hydrates, solvates, or polymorphs. In certain embodiments, a provided composition comprises two or more compounds described herein. In certain embodiments, a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is provided in an effective amount in the pharmaceutical composition. In certain embodiments, the effective amount is a therapeutically effective amount. In certain embodiments, the effective amount is an amount effective for inhibiting CARM1. In certain embodiments, the effective amount is an amount effective for treating a CARM1-mediated disorder. In certain embodiments, the effective amount is a prophylactically effective amount. In certain embodiments, the effective amount is an amount effective to prevent a CARM1-mediated disorder.

Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients include any and all solvents, diluents, or other liquid vehicles, dispersions, suspension aids, surface active agents, isotonic agents, thickening or emulsifying agents, preservatives, solid binders, lubricants, and the like, as suited to the particular dosage form desired. General considerations in formulation and/or manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions agents can be found, for example, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sixteenth Edition, E. W. Martin (Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1980), and Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21st Edition (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005).

Pharmaceutical compositions described herein can be prepared by any method known in the art of pharmacology. In general, such preparatory methods include the steps of bringing a compound described herein (the “active ingredient”) into association with a carrier and/or one or more other accessory ingredients, and then, if necessary and/or desirable, shaping and/or packaging the product into a desired single- or multi-dose unit.

Pharmaceutical compositions can be prepared, packaged, and/or sold in bulk, as a single unit dose, and/or as a plurality of single unit doses. As used herein, a “unit dose” is discrete amount of the pharmaceutical composition comprising a predetermined amount of the active ingredient. The amount of the active ingredient is generally equal to the dosage of the active ingredient which would be administered to a subject and/or a convenient fraction of such a dosage such as, for example, one-half or one-third of such a dosage.

Relative amounts of the active ingredient, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, and/or any additional ingredients in a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure will vary, depending upon the identity, size, and/or condition of the subject treated and further depending upon the route by which the composition is to be administered. By way of example, the composition may comprise between 0.1% and 100% (w/w) active ingredient.

Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients used in the manufacture of provided pharmaceutical compositions include inert diluents, dispersing and/or granulating agents, surface active agents and/or emulsifiers, disintegrating agents, binding agents, preservatives, buffering agents, lubricating agents, and/or oils. Excipients such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes, coloring agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents may also be present in the composition.

Exemplary diluents include calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, calcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, calcium hydrogen phosphate, sodium phosphate lactose, sucrose, cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, kaolin, mannitol, sorbitol, inositol, sodium chloride, dry starch, cornstarch, powdered sugar, and mixtures thereof.

Exemplary granulating and/or dispersing agents include potato starch, corn starch, tapioca starch, sodium starch glycolate, clays, alginic acid, guar gum, citrus pulp, agar, bentonite, cellulose and wood products, natural sponge, cation-exchange resins, calcium carbonate, silicates, sodium carbonate, crosslinked poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (crospovidone), sodium carboxymethyl starch (sodium starch glycolate), carboxymethyl cellulose, crosslinked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (croscarmellose), methylcellulose, pregelatinized starch (starch 1500), microcrystalline starch, water insoluble starch, calcium carboxymethyl cellulose, magnesium aluminum silicate (Veegum), sodium lauryl sulfate, quaternary ammonium compounds, and mixtures thereof.

Exemplary surface active agents and/or emulsifiers include natural emulsifiers (e.g., acacia, agar, alginic acid, sodium alginate, tragacanth, chondrux, cholesterol, xanthan, pectin, gelatin, egg yolk, casein, wool fat, cholesterol, wax, and lecithin), colloidal clays (e.g., bentonite (aluminum silicate) and Veegum (magnesium aluminum silicate)), long chain amino acid derivatives, high molecular weight alcohols (e.g., stearyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, triacetin monostearate, ethylene glycol distearate, glyceryl monostearate, and propylene glycol monostearate, polyvinyl alcohol), carbomers (e.g., carboxy polymethylene, polyacrylic acid, acrylic acid polymer, and carboxyvinyl polymer), carrageenan, cellulosic derivatives (e.g., carboxymethylcellulose sodium, powdered cellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, methylcellulose), sorbitan fatty acid esters (e.g., polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate (Tween 20), polyoxyethylene sorbitan (Tween 60), polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80), sorbitan monopalmitate (Span 40), sorbitan monostearate (Span 60], sorbitan tristearate (Span 65), glyceryl monooleate, sorbitan monooleate (Span 80)), polyoxyethylene esters (e.g., polyoxyethylene monostearate (Myrj 45), polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil, polyethoxylated castor oil, polyoxymethylene stearate, and Solutol), sucrose fatty acid esters, polyethylene glycol fatty acid esters (e.g., Cremophor™) polyoxyethylene ethers, (e.g., polyoxyethylene lauryl ether (Brij 30)), poly(vinylpyrrolidone), diethylene glycol monolaurate, triethanolamine oleate, sodium oleate, potassium oleate, ethyl oleate, oleic acid, ethyl laurate, sodium lauryl sulfate, Pluronic F68, Poloxamer 188, cetrimonium bromide, cetylpyridinium chloride, benzalkonium chloride, docusate sodium, and/or mixtures thereof.

Exemplary binding agents include starch (e.g., cornstarch and starch paste), gelatin, sugars (e.g., sucrose, glucose, dextrose, dextrin, molasses, lactose, lactitol, mannitol, etc.), natural and synthetic gums (e.g., acacia, sodium alginate, extract of Irish moss, panwar gum, ghatti gum, mucilage of isapol husks, carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, cellulose acetate, poly(vinylpyrrolidone), magnesium aluminum silicate (Veegum), and larch arabogalactan), alginates, polyethylene oxide, polyethylene glycol, inorganic calcium salts, silicic acid, polymethacrylates, waxes, water, alcohol, and/or mixtures thereof.

Exemplary preservatives include antioxidants, chelating agents, antimicrobial preservatives, antifungal preservatives, alcohol preservatives, acidic preservatives, and other preservatives.

Exemplary antioxidants include alpha tocopherol, ascorbic acid, acorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, monothioglycerol, potassium metabisulfite, propionic acid, propyl gallate, sodium ascorbate, sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, and sodium sulfite.

Exemplary chelating agents include ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and salts and hydrates thereof (e.g., sodium edetate, disodium edetate, trisodium edetate, calcium disodium edetate, dipotassium edetate, and the like), citric acid and salts and hydrates thereof (e.g., citric acid monohydrate), fumaric acid and salts and hydrates thereof, malic acid and salts and hydrates thereof, phosphoric acid and salts and hydrates thereof, and tartaric acid and salts and hydrates thereof. Exemplary antimicrobial preservatives include benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, benzyl alcohol, bronopol, cetrimide, cetylpyridinium chloride, chlorhexidine, chlorobutanol, chlorocresol, chloroxylenol, cresol, ethyl alcohol, glycerin, hexetidine, imidurea, phenol, phenoxyethanol, phenylethyl alcohol, phenylmercuric nitrate, propylene glycol, and thimerosal.

Exemplary antifungal preservatives include butyl paraben, methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, propyl paraben, benzoic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, potassium benzoate, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, sodium propionate, and sorbic acid.

Exemplary alcohol preservatives include ethanol, polyethylene glycol, phenol, phenolic compounds, bisphenol, chlorobutanol, hydroxybenzoate, and phenylethyl alcohol. Exemplary acidic preservatives include vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, betacarotene, citric acid, acetic acid, dehydroacetic acid, ascorbic acid, sorbic acid, and phytic acid.

Other preservatives include tocopherol, tocopherol acetate, deteroxime mesylate, cetrimide, butylated hydroxyanisol (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluened (BHT), ethylenediamine, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES), sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, potassium sulfite, potassium metabisulfite, Glydant Plus, Phenonip, methylparaben, Germall 115, Germaben II, Neolone, Kathon, and Euxyl. In certain embodiments, the preservative is an antioxidant. In other embodiments, the preservative is a chelating agent.

Exemplary buffering agents include citrate buffer solutions, acetate buffer solutions, phosphate buffer solutions, ammonium chloride, calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, calcium citrate, calcium glubionate, calcium gluceptate, calcium gluconate, D-gluconic acid, calcium glycerophosphate, calcium lactate, propanoic acid, calcium levulinate, pentanoic acid, dibasic calcium phosphate, phosphoric acid, tribasic calcium phosphate, calcium hydroxide phosphate, potassium acetate, potassium chloride, potassium gluconate, potassium mixtures, dibasic potassium phosphate, monobasic potassium phosphate, potassium phosphate mixtures, sodium acetate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, sodium citrate, sodium lactate, dibasic sodium phosphate, monobasic sodium phosphate, sodium phosphate mixtures, tromethamine, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, alginic acid, pyrogen-free water, isotonic saline, Ringer's solution, ethyl alcohol, and mixtures thereof.

Exemplary lubricating agents include magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, stearic acid, silica, talc, malt, glyceryl behanate, hydrogenated vegetable oils, polyethylene glycol, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride, leucine, magnesium lauryl sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof.

Exemplary natural oils include almond, apricot kernel, avocado, babassu, bergamot, black current seed, borage, cade, camomile, canola, caraway, carnauba, castor, cinnamon, cocoa butter, coconut, cod liver, coffee, corn, cotton seed, emu, eucalyptus, evening primrose, fish, flaxseed, geraniol, gourd, grape seed, hazel nut, hyssop, isopropyl myristate, jojoba, kukui nut, lavandin, lavender, lemon, litsea cubeba, macademia nut, mallow, mango seed, meadowfoam seed, mink, nutmeg, olive, orange, orange roughy, palm, palm kernel, peach kernel, peanut, poppy seed, pumpkin seed, rapeseed, rice bran, rosemary, safflower, sandalwood, sasquana, savoury, sea buckthorn, sesame, shea butter, silicone, soybean, sunflower, tea tree, thistle, tsubaki, vetiver, walnut, and wheat germ oils. Exemplary synthetic oils include, but are not limited to, butyl stearate, caprylic triglyceride, capric triglyceride, cyclomethicone, diethyl sebacate, dimethicone 360, isopropyl myristate, mineral oil, octyldodecanol, oleyl alcohol, silicone oil, and mixtures thereof.

Liquid dosage forms for oral and parenteral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In addition to the active ingredients, the liquid dosage forms may comprise inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils (e.g., cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof. Besides inert diluents, the oral compositions can include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents. In certain embodiments for parenteral administration, the compounds described herein are mixed with solubilizing agents such as Cremophor™, alcohols, oils, modified oils, glycols, polysorbates, cyclodextrins, polymers, and mixtures thereof.

Injectable preparations, for example, sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions can be formulated according to the known art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation can be a sterile injectable solution, suspension or emulsion in a nontoxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that can be employed are water, Ringer's solution, U.S.P. and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid are used in the preparation of injectables.

The injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium prior to use.

In order to prolong the effect of a drug, it is often desirable to slow the absorption of the drug from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This can be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material with poor water solubility. The rate of absorption of the drug then depends upon its rate of dissolution which, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally administered drug form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the drug in an oil vehicle.

Compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are typically suppositories which can be prepared by mixing the compounds described herein with suitable nonirritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solid at ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active ingredient.

Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules. In such solid dosage forms, the active ingredient is mixed with at least one inert, pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate and/or a) fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid, b) binders such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidinone, sucrose, and acacia, c) humectants such as glycerol, d) disintegrating agents such as agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate, e) solution retarding agents such as paraffin, f) absorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds, g) wetting agents such as, for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate, h) absorbents such as kaolin and bentonite clay, and i) lubricants such as talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the dosage form may comprise buffering agents.

Solid compositions of a similar type can be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like. The solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. They may optionally comprise opacifying agents and can be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions which can be used include polymeric substances and waxes. Solid compositions of a similar type can be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.

The active ingredient can be in micro-encapsulated form with one or more excipients as noted above. The solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings, release controlling coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. In such solid dosage forms the active ingredient can be admixed with at least one inert diluent such as sucrose, lactose, or starch. Such dosage forms may comprise, as is normal practice, additional substances other than inert diluents, e.g., tableting lubricants and other tableting aids such a magnesium stearate and microcrystalline cellulose. In the case of capsules, tablets, and pills, the dosage forms may comprise buffering agents. They may optionally comprise opacifying agents and can be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions which can be used include polymeric substances and waxes.

Dosage forms for topical and/or transdermal administration of a provided compound may include ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants and/or patches. Generally, the active ingredient is admixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or any desired preservatives and/or buffers as can be required. Additionally, the present disclosure encompasses the use of transdermal patches, which often have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of an active ingredient to the body. Such dosage forms can be prepared, for example, by dissolving and/or dispensing the active ingredient in the proper medium. Alternatively or additionally, the rate can be controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane and/or by dispersing the active ingredient in a polymer matrix and/or gel.

Formulations suitable for topical administration include, but are not limited to, liquid and/or semi liquid preparations such as liniments, lotions, oil in water and/or water in oil emulsions such as creams, ointments and/or pastes, and/or solutions and/or suspensions. Topically-administrable formulations may, for example, comprise from about 1% to about 10% (w/w) active ingredient, although the concentration of the active ingredient can be as high as the solubility limit of the active ingredient in the solvent. Formulations for topical administration may further comprise one or more of the additional ingredients described herein.

A provided pharmaceutical composition can be prepared, packaged, and/or sold in a formulation suitable for pulmonary administration via the buccal cavity. Such a formulation may comprise dry particles which comprise the active ingredient and which have a diameter in the range from about 0.5 to about 7 nanometers or from about 1 to about 6 nanometers. Such compositions are conveniently in the form of dry powders for administration using a device comprising a dry powder reservoir to which a stream of propellant can be directed to disperse the powder and/or using a self-propelling solvent/powder dispensing container such as a device comprising the active ingredient dissolved and/or suspended in a low-boiling propellant in a sealed container. Such powders comprise particles wherein at least 98% of the particles by weight have a diameter greater than 0.5 nanometers and at least 95% of the particles by number have a diameter less than 7 nanometers. Alternatively, at least 95% of the particles by weight have a diameter greater than 1 nanometer and at least 90% of the particles by number have a diameter less than 6 nanometers. Dry powder compositions may include a solid fine powder diluent such as sugar and are conveniently provided in a unit dose form.

Low boiling propellants generally include liquid propellants having a boiling point of below 65° F. at atmospheric pressure. Generally the propellant may constitute 50 to 99.9% (w/w) of the composition, and the active ingredient may constitute 0.1 to 20% (w/w) of the composition. The propellant may further comprise additional ingredients such as a liquid non-ionic and/or solid anionic surfactant and/or a solid diluent (which may have a particle size of the same order as particles comprising the active ingredient).

Pharmaceutical compositions formulated for pulmonary delivery may provide the active ingredient in the form of droplets of a solution and/or suspension. Such formulations can be prepared, packaged, and/or sold as aqueous and/or dilute alcoholic solutions and/or suspensions, optionally sterile, comprising the active ingredient, and may conveniently be administered using any nebulization and/or atomization device. Such formulations may further comprise one or more additional ingredients including, but not limited to, a flavoring agent such as saccharin sodium, a volatile oil, a buffering agent, a surface active agent, and/or a preservative such as methylhydroxybenzoate. The droplets provided by this route of administration may have an average diameter in the range from about 0.1 to about 200 nanometers.

Formulations described herein as being useful for pulmonary delivery are useful for intranasal delivery of a pharmaceutical composition. Another formulation suitable for intranasal administration is a coarse powder comprising the active ingredient and having an average particle from about 0.2 to 500 micrometers. Such a formulation is administered by rapid inhalation through the nasal passage from a container of the powder held close to the nares.

Formulations for nasal administration may, for example, comprise from about as little as 0.1% (w/w) and as much as 100% (w/w) of the active ingredient, and may comprise one or more of the additional ingredients described herein. A provided pharmaceutical composition can be prepared, packaged, and/or sold in a formulation for buccal administration. Such formulations may, for example, be in the form of tablets and/or lozenges made using conventional methods, and may contain, for example, 0.1 to 20% (w/w) active ingredient, the balance comprising an orally dissolvable and/or degradable composition and, optionally, one or more of the additional ingredients described herein. Alternately, formulations for buccal administration may comprise a powder and/or an aerosolized and/or atomized solution and/or suspension comprising the active ingredient. Such powdered, aerosolized, and/or aerosolized formulations, when dispersed, may have an average particle and/or droplet size in the range from about 0.1 to about 200 nanometers, and may further comprise one or more of the additional ingredients described herein.

A provided pharmaceutical composition can be prepared, packaged, and/or sold in a formulation for ophthalmic administration. Such formulations may, for example, be in the form of eye drops including, for example, a 0.1/1.0% (w/w) solution and/or suspension of the active ingredient in an aqueous or oily liquid carrier. Such drops may further comprise buffering agents, salts, and/or one or more other of the additional ingredients described herein. Other opthalmically-administrable formulations which are useful include those which comprise the active ingredient in microcrystalline form and/or in a liposomal preparation. Ear drops and/or eye drops are contemplated as being within the scope of this disclosure.

Although the descriptions of pharmaceutical compositions provided herein are principally directed to pharmaceutical compositions which are suitable for administration to humans, it will be understood by the skilled artisan that such compositions are generally suitable for administration to animals of all sorts. Modification of pharmaceutical compositions suitable for administration to humans in order to render the compositions suitable for administration to various animals is well understood, and the ordinarily skilled veterinary pharmacologist can design and/or perform such modification with ordinary experimentation.

Compounds provided herein are typically formulated in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. It will be understood, however, that the total daily usage of provided compositions will be decided by the attending physician within the scope of sound medical judgment. The specific therapeutically effective dose level for any particular subject or organism will depend upon a variety of factors including the disease, disorder, or condition being treated and the severity of the disorder; the activity of the specific active ingredient employed; the specific composition employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the subject; the time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion of the specific active ingredient employed; the duration of the treatment; drugs used in combination or coincidental with the specific active ingredient employed; and like factors well known in the medical arts.

The compounds and compositions provided herein can be administered by any route, including enteral (e.g., oral), parenteral, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-arterial, intramedullary, intrathecal, subcutaneous, intraventricular, transdermal, interdermal, rectal, intravaginal, intraperitoneal, topical (as by powders, ointments, creams, and/or drops), mucosal, nasal, bucal, sublingual; by intratracheal instillation, bronchial instillation, and/or inhalation; and/or as an oral spray, nasal spray, and/or aerosol. Specifically contemplated routes are oral administration, intravenous administration (e.g., systemic intravenous injection), regional administration via blood and/or lymph supply, and/or direct administration to an affected site. In general the most appropriate route of administration will depend upon a variety of factors including the nature of the agent (e.g., its stability in the environment of the gastrointestinal tract), and/or the condition of the subject (e.g., whether the subject is able to tolerate oral administration).

The exact amount of a compound required to achieve an effective amount will vary from subject to subject, depending, for example, on species, age, and general condition of a subject, severity of the side effects or disorder, identity of the particular compound(s), mode of administration, and the like. The desired dosage can be delivered three times a day, two times a day, once a day, every other day, every third day, every week, every two weeks, every three weeks, or every four weeks. In certain embodiments, the desired dosage can be delivered using multiple administrations (e.g., two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, or more administrations).

In certain embodiments, an effective amount of a compound for administration one or more times a day to a 70 kg adult human may comprise about 0.0001 mg to about 3000 mg, about 0.0001 mg to about 2000 mg, about 0.0001 mg to about 1000 mg, about 0.001 mg to about 1000 mg, about 0.01 mg to about 1000 mg, about 0.1 mg to about 1000 mg, about 1 mg to about 1000 mg, about 1 mg to about 100 mg, about 10 mg to about 1000 mg, or about 100 mg to about 1000 mg, of a compound per unit dosage form.

In certain embodiments, a compound described herein may be administered at dosage levels sufficient to deliver from about 0.001 mg/kg to about 1000 mg/kg, from about 0.01 mg/kg to about mg/kg, from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 40 mg/kg, from about 0.5 mg/kg to about 30 mg/kg, from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, or from about 1 mg/kg to about 25 mg/kg, of subject body weight per day, one or more times a day, to obtain the desired therapeutic effect.

In some embodiments, a compound described herein is administered one or more times per day, for multiple days. In some embodiments, the dosing regimen is continued for days, weeks, months, or years.

It will be appreciated that dose ranges as described herein provide guidance for the administration of provided pharmaceutical compositions to an adult. The amount to be administered to, for example, a child or an adolescent can be determined by a medical practitioner or person skilled in the art and can be lower or the same as that administered to an adult.

It will be also appreciated that a compound or composition, as described herein, can be administered in combination with one or more additional therapeutically active agents. In certain embodiments, a compound or composition provided herein is administered in combination with one or more additional therapeutically active agents that improve its bioavailability, reduce and/or modify its metabolism, inhibit its excretion, and/or modify its distribution within the body. It will also be appreciated that the therapy employed may achieve a desired effect for the same disorder, and/or it may achieve different effects.

The compound or composition can be administered concurrently with, prior to, or subsequent to, one or more additional therapeutically active agents. In certain embodiments, the additional therapeutically active agent is a compound of Formula (I). In certain embodiments, the additional therapeutically active agent is not a compound of Formula (I). In general, each agent will be administered at a dose and/or on a time schedule determined for that agent. In will further be appreciated that the additional therapeutically active agent utilized in this combination can be administered together in a single composition or administered separately in different compositions. The particular combination to employ in a regimen will take into account compatibility of a provided compound with the additional therapeutically active agent and/or the desired therapeutic effect to be achieved. In general, it is expected that additional therapeutically active agents utilized in combination be utilized at levels that do not exceed the levels at which they are utilized individually. In some embodiments, the levels utilized in combination will be lower than those utilized individually.

Exemplary additional therapeutically active agents include, but are not limited to, small organic molecules such as drug compounds (e.g., compounds approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as provided in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)), peptides, proteins, carbohydrates, monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, nucleoproteins, mucoproteins, lipoproteins, synthetic polypeptides or proteins, small molecules linked to proteins, glycoproteins, steroids, nucleic acids, DNAs, RNAs, nucleotides, nucleosides, oligonucleotides, antisense oligonucleotides, lipids, hormones, vitamins, and cells.

Also encompassed by the present disclosure are kits (e.g., pharmaceutical packs). The kits provided may comprise a provided pharmaceutical composition or compound and a container (e.g., a vial, ampule, bottle, syringe, and/or dispenser package, or other suitable container). In some embodiments, provided kits may optionally further include a second container comprising a pharmaceutical excipient for dilution or suspension of a provided pharmaceutical composition or compound. In some embodiments, a provided pharmaceutical composition or compound provided in the container and the second container are combined to form one unit dosage form. In some embodiments, a provided kits further includes instructions for use.

Compounds and compositions described herein are generally useful for the inhibition of CARM1. In some embodiments, methods of treating CARM1-mediated disorder in a subject are provided which comprise administering an effective amount of a compound described herein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof), to a subject in need of treatment. In certain embodiments, the effective amount is a therapeutically effective amount. In certain embodiments, the effective amount is a prophylactically effective amount. In certain embodiments, the subject is suffering from a CARM1-mediated disorder. In certain embodiments, the subject is susceptible to a CARM1-mediated disorder.

As used herein, the term “CARM1-mediated disorder” means any disease, disorder, or other pathological condition in which CARM1 is known to play a role. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the present disclosure relates to treating or lessening the severity of one or more diseases in which CARM1 is known to play a role.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of inhibiting CARM1 comprising contacting CARM1 with an effective amount of a compound described herein, e.g., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The CARM1 may be purified or crude, and may be present in a cell, tissue, or subject. Thus, such methods encompass both inhibition of in vitro and in vivo CARM1 activity. In certain embodiments, the method is an in vitro method, e.g., such as an assay method. It will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that inhibition of CARM1 does not necessarily require that all of the CARM1 be occupied by an inhibitor at once. Exemplary levels of inhibition of CARM1 include at least 10% inhibition, about 10% to about 25% inhibition, about 25% to about 50% inhibition, about 50% to about 75% inhibition, at least 50% inhibition, at least 75% inhibition, about 80% inhibition, about 90% inhibition, and greater than 90% inhibition.

In some embodiments, provided is a method of inhibiting CARM1 activity in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound described herein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.

In certain embodiments, provided is a method of modulating gene expression or activity in a cell which comprises contacting a cell with an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In certain embodiments, the cell in culture in vitro. In certain embodiments, the cell is in an animal, e.g., a human. In certain embodiments, the cell is in a subject in need of treatment.

In certain embodiments, provided is a method of modulating transcription in a cell which comprises contacting a cell with an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In certain embodiments, the cell in culture in vitro. In certain embodiments, the cell is in an animal, e.g., a human. In certain embodiments, the cell is in a subject in need of treatment.

In certain embodiments, a method is provided of selecting a therapy for a subject having a disease associated with CARM1-mediated disorder or mutation comprising the steps of determining the presence of CARM1-mediated disorder or gene mutation in the CARM1 gene or and selecting, based on the presence of CARM1-mediated disorder a gene mutation in the CARM1 gene a therapy that includes the administration of a provided compound. In certain embodiments, the disease is cancer.

In certain embodiments, a method of treatment is provided for a subject in need thereof comprising the steps of determining the presence of CARM1-mediated disorder or a gene mutation in the CARM1 gene and treating the subject in need thereof, based on the presence of a CARM1-mediated disorder or gene mutation in the CARM1 gene with a therapy that includes the administration of a provided compound. In certain embodiments, the subject is a cancer patient.

In some embodiments, a compound provided herein is useful in treating a proliferative disorder, such as cancer. For example, while not being bound to any particular mechanism, protein arginine methylation by CARM1 is a modification that has been implicated in signal transduction, gene transcription, DNA repair and mRNA splicing, among others; and overexpression of CARM1 within these pathways is often associated with various cancers. Thus, compounds which inhibit the action of PRMTs, and specifically CARM1, as provided herein, are effective in the treatment of cancer.

In some embodiments, compounds provided herein are effective in treating cancer through the inhibition of CARM1. For example, CARM1 levels have been shown to be elevated in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), as well as in aggressive breast tumors (Hong et al., Cancer 2004 101, 83-89; El Messaoudi et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2006, 103, 13351-13356; Majumder et al., Prostate 2006 66, 1292-1301). Thus, in some embodiments, inhibitors of CARM1, as described herein, are useful in treating cancers associated with aberrant CARM1 activity, e.g., CARM1 overexpression or aberrant protein methylation. CARM1 has also been shown to affect ERα-dependent breast cancer cell differentiation and proliferation (Al-Dhaheri et al., Cancer Res. 2011 71, 2118-2128), thus in some aspects CARM1 inhibitors, as described herein, are useful in treating ERα-dependent breast cancer by inhibiting cell differentiation and proliferation. In another example, CARM1 has been shown to be recruited to the promoter of E2F1 (which encodes a cell cycle regulator) as a transcriptional co-activator (Frietze et al., Cancer Res. 2008 68, 301-306). Thus, CARM1-mediated upregulation of E2F1 expression may contribute to cancer progression and chemoresistance as increased abundance of E2F1 triggers invasion and metastasis by activating growth receptor signaling pathways, which in turn promote an antiapoptotic tumor environment (Engelmann and Piitzer, Cancer Res 2012 72; 571). Accordingly, in some embodiments, the inhibition of CARM1, e.g., by compounds provided herein, is useful in treating cancers associated with E2F1 upregulation. Thus, without being bound by any particular mechanism, the inhibition of CARM1, e.g., by compounds described herein, is beneficial in the treatment of cancer. CARM1 overexpression has also been demonstrated to be elevated in 75% of colorectal cancers (Kim et al., BMC Cancer, 10, 197). It has been additionally been determined that depletion of CARM1 in WNT/β-catenin dysregulated colorectal cancer suppressed anchorage independent growth (Ou et al., Mol. Cancer. Res., 2011 9, 660-670). This, in some embodiments, the inhibition of CARM1, e.g. by compounds provided herein, is useful in colorectal cancer associated with elevated CARM1 expression or dysregulated WNT/β-catenin signaling.

In some embodiments, compounds described herein are useful for treating a cancer including, but not limited to, acoustic neuroma, adenocarcinoma, adrenal gland cancer, anal cancer, angiosarcoma (e.g., lymphangiosarcoma, lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma), appendix cancer, benign monoclonal gammopathy, biliary cancer (e.g., cholangiocarcinoma), bladder cancer, breast cancer (e.g., adenocarcinoma of the breast, papillary carcinoma of the breast, mammary cancer, medullary carcinoma of the breast), brain cancer (e.g., meningioma; glioma, e.g., astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma; medulloblastoma), bronchus cancer, carcinoid tumor, cervical cancer (e.g., cervical adenocarcinoma), choriocarcinoma, chordoma, craniopharyngioma, colorectal cancer (e.g., colon cancer, rectal cancer, colorectal adenocarcinoma), epithelial carcinoma, ependymoma, endotheliosarcoma (e.g., Kaposi's sarcoma, multiple idiopathic hemorrhagic sarcoma), endometrial cancer (e.g., uterine cancer, uterine sarcoma), esophageal cancer (e.g., adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, Barrett's adenocarinoma), Ewing sarcoma, eye cancer (e.g., intraocular melanoma, retinoblastoma), familiar hypereosinophilia, gall bladder cancer, gastric cancer (e.g., stomach adenocarcinoma), gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), head and neck cancer (e.g., head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, oral cancer (e.g., oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), throat cancer (e.g., laryngeal cancer, pharyngeal cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, oropharyngeal cancer)), hematopoietic cancers (e.g., leukemia such as acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) (e.g., B-cell ALL, T-cell ALL), acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) (e.g., B-cell AML, T-cell AML), chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) (e.g., B-cell CML, T-cell CML), and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) (e.g., B-cell CLL, T-cell CLL); lymphoma such as Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) (e.g., B-cell HL, T-cell HL) and nonHodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (e.g., B-cell NHL such as diffuse large cell lymphoma (DLCL) (e.g., diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL)), follicular lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), marginal zone B-cell lymphomas (e.g., mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas, nodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma, splenic marginal zone B-cell lymphoma), primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (i.e., “Waldenström's macroglobulinemia”), hairy cell leukemia (HCL), immunoblastic large cell lymphoma, precursor B-lymphoblastic lymphoma and primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma; and T-cell NHL such as precursor T-lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia, peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) (e.g., cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) (e.g., mycosis fungiodes, Sezary syndrome), angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, extranodal natural killer T-cell lymphoma, enteropathy type T-cell lymphoma, subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma, anaplastic large cell lymphoma); a mixture of one or more leukemia/lymphoma as described above; and multiple myeloma (MM)), heavy chain disease (e.g., alpha chain disease, gamma chain disease, mu chain disease), hemangioblastoma, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors, immunocytic amyloidosis, kidney cancer (e.g., nephroblastoma a.k.a. Wilms' tumor, renal cell carcinoma), liver cancer (e.g., hepatocellular cancer (HCC), malignant hepatoma), lung cancer (e.g., bronchogenic carcinoma, small cell lung cancer (SCLC), nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC), adenocarcinoma of the lung), leiomyosarcoma (LMS), mastocytosis (e.g., systemic mastocytosis), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), mesothelioma, myeloproliferative disorder (MPD) (e.g., polycythemia Vera (PV), essential thrombocytosis (ET), agnogenic myeloid metaplasia (AMM) a.k.a. myelofibrosis (MF), chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis, chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML), chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL), hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES)), neuroblastoma, neurofibroma (e.g., neurofibromatosis (NF) type 1 or type 2, schwannomatosis), neuroendocrine cancer (e.g., gastroenteropancreatic neuroendoctrine tumor (GEP-NET), carcinoid tumor), osteosarcoma, ovarian cancer (e.g., cystadenocarcinoma, ovarian embryonal carcinoma, ovarian adenocarcinoma), papillary adenocarcinoma, pancreatic cancer (e.g., pancreatic andenocarcinoma, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN), Islet cell tumors), penile cancer (e.g., Paget's disease of the penis and scrotum), pinealoma, primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNT), prostate cancer (e.g., prostate adenocarcinoma), rectal cancer, rhabdomyosarcoma, salivary gland cancer, skin cancer (e.g., squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), keratoacanthoma (KA), melanoma, basal cell carcinoma (BCC)), small bowel cancer (e.g., appendix cancer), soft tissue sarcoma (e.g., malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH), liposarcoma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST), chondrosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma), sebaceous gland carcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, synovioma, testicular cancer (e.g., seminoma, testicular embryonal carcinoma), thyroid cancer (e.g., papillary carcinoma of the thyroid, papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), medullary thyroid cancer), urethral cancer, vaginal cancer, and vulvar cancer (e.g., Paget's disease of the vulva).

CARM1 is also the most abundant PRMT expressed in skeletal muscle cells, and has been found to selectively control the pathways modulating glycogen metabolism, and associated AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) and p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) expression. See, e.g., Wang et al., Biochem (2012) 444:323-331. Thus, in some embodiments, inhibitors of CARM1, as described herein, are useful in treating metabolic disorders, e.g., for example skeletal muscle metabolic disorders, e.g., glycogen and glucose metabolic disorders. Exemplary skeletal muscle metabolic disorders include, but are not limited to, Acid Maltase Deficiency (Glycogenosis type 2; Pompe disease), Debrancher deficiency (Glycogenosis type 3), Phosphorylase deficiency (McArdle's; GSD 5), X-linked syndrome (GSD9D), Autosomal recessive syndrome (GSD9B), Tarui's disease (Glycogen storage disease VII; GSD 7), Phosphoglycerate Mutase deficiency (Glycogen storage disease X; GSDX; GSD 10), Lactate dehydrogenase A deficiency (GSD 11), Branching enzyme deficiency (GSD 4), Aldolase A (muscle) deficiency, β-Enolase deficiency, Triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) deficiency, Lafora's disease (Progressive myoclonic epilepsy 2), Glycogen storage disease (Muscle, Type 0, Phosphoglucomutase 1 Deficiency (GSD 14)), and Glycogenin Deficiency (GSD 15).

Scheme 1 shows a general synthesis route to compounds of Formula I-(ii) wherein R^(3′) is the same as R³ as defined above or is a suitable precursor that may be converted to R³. This method is based on Suzuki coupling reactions of heteroaryl chloride intermediates of general Formula XI-(ii) with pinacol borane intermediates of general Formula X. In a first step, Suzuki coupling reaction of these intermediates is typically conducted in the presence of a palladium catalyst (e.g. PdCl₂(dppf)) and a base (e.g. potassium carbonate) in an organic solvent (e.g. toluene) at elevated temperature. In a second optional set of steps the R^(3′) group as well as other groups in the molecule may be converted to the defined final substituents in Formula I-(ii). In a final deprotection step the N-Boc protecting is removed by for example using an acid (e.g. HCl) in a suitable organic solvent (e.g. ethanol) to give certain corresponding embodiments of compounds of Formula I-(ii).

Compounds of general Formula XI-(ii) can be prepared from heteroaryl dichlorides of general Formula XX-(ii) as depicted in Scheme 2. In certain embodiments when L is —N(R^(L))—, —C(O)N(R^(L)), or —OC(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, Buchwald coupling of XX-(ii) respectively with active amines R^(3′)N(R^(L))H, amides R^(3′)C(O)N(R^(L))H, carbamates OC(O)N(R^(L))H, or ureas —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))H, may be implemented in the first step. In certain embodiments when L¹ is a bond, and the monocyclic heterocycle core structure is directly attached to R^(3′) by a carbon-carbon bond, Suzuki coupling of XXI-(i) with boronic acids or ester intermediates R^(3′)B(OH)₂ may be implemented to yield the corresponding certain embodiments of XI-(ii). In certain embodiments the formation of compounds of Formula XI-(ii) using the methods described above can be accompanied by formation of the regioisomeric intermediate compounds of Formula XI-(ii)-a. In certain embodiments when a mixture of XI-(ii) and XI-(ii)-regioisomers is formed they may be separated by chromatography. Intermediates of Formula XI-(ii)-a may in turn be implemented to prepare compounds of the invention using the same general method described in Scheme 1.

In certain embodiments wherein X in general Formulas I-(ii) is O, pinacol borane intermediates of general Formula X can be prepared using standard methods as depicted in Scheme 3. Thus, in a first step 3-bromophenols of general structure XXX are treated with epibromohydrin to give epoxides XXXI. Opening of the epoxide group of intermediates XXXI in with amines of Formula R¹NH₂ in an organic solvent with heating as necessary followed by protection of the resulting amine with Boc-anhydride gives intermediates XXXII. TBS protection of the alcohol group in the next step using t-butyldimethylsilyltriflate gives intermediate bromides XXXIII. In a final step the Br group is converted to the pinacol borane function to give intermediates XX under standard Suzuki-Miyura conditions.

Certain heteroaryl dichlorides of general Formula XX-(ii) are commercially available. Certain embodiments of general structure XX-(ii) may be prepared by known methods. For example embodiments of intermediates of general structure XX-(ii)-x may be prepared from trichloropyrimidine intermediates L-(ii)-x as depicted in Scheme 4. In certain embodiments Suzuki coupling of L-(ii)-x with aryl or heteroaryl boronates gives intermediate compounds of Formula L-(ii)-x a wherein R¹¹ is aryl or heteroaryl. In certain embodiments Buchwald coupling of L-(ii)-x with primary or secondary cyclic (e.g. morpholine) or acyclic amines gives intermediate compounds of Formula L-(ii)-x a wherein R¹¹ is an acyclic or cyclic amino group.

EXAMPLES

In order that the invention described herein may be more fully understood, the following examples are set forth. It should be understood that these examples are for illustrative purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting this invention in any manner.

Synthetic Methods

The synthesis of an exemplary set of compounds of Formula (I) is provided below. These compounds are also listed in Tables 1 and 2, infra. Compounds provided in Tables 1 and 2 have been prepared following Examples 1-3.

Example 1 Preparation of 1-(3-(4-(methyl(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)amino)-6-(pyridine-4-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)phenoxy)-3-(methylamino)propan-2-ol

Step 1: Synthesis of (2,6-dichloro-pyrimidin-4-yl)-methyl-(tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)amine

To a solution of 2,4,6-trichloro-pyrimidine (9.2 g, 50 mmol) and triethylamine (10.1 g, 100 mmol) in EtOH (100 mL) was added N-methyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-amine (5.17 g, 45 mmol) dropwise at −40° C. The mixture was warmed up to room temperature then stirred for 14 h., quenched with H₂O (25 mL), concentrated and the residue was extracted with EtOAc (100 mL×3). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatographic column on silica gel (petroleum ether/EtOAc=30/1 to 2/1) to give (2,6-dichloro-pyrimidin-4-yl)-methyl-(tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)amine as white solid (7.8 g, 60% yield). ESI-LCMS (m/z): 263.14 [M+1]⁺;

Step 2: Synthesis of [2-(tert-Butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-3-(3-{4-chloro-6-[methyl-(tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)-amino]-pyrimidin-2-yl}-phenoxy)-propyl]-methyl-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester and [2-(tert-Butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-3-(3-{2-chloro-6-[methyl-(tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)-amino]-pyrimidin-4-yl}-phenoxy)-propyl]-methyl-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester

To a solution of (2,6-dichloro-pyrimidin-4-yl)-methyl-(tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)amine (0.4 g, 1.5 mmol) in degassed dioxane and H₂O (4/1, 25 mL) was added Na₂CO₃ (315 mg, 3.0 mmol); Pd(PPh₃)₄ (86 mg, 0.075 mmol) and {2-(tert-Butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-3-[3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenoxy]-propyl}-methyl-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (703 mg, 1.35 mmol). The system was purged with N₂ stream and the mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 2 h., cooled to room temperature, diluted with water (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (50 mL×2). The organic layers were combined, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by preparative HPLC to give [2-(tert-Butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-3-(3-{4-chloro-6-[methyl-(tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)-amino]-pyrimidin-2-yl}-phenoxy)-propyl]-methyl-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (373 mg, 40% yield) as major product. ESI-LCMS (m/z): 411.2 [M+1]⁺along with the minor product [2-(tert-Butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-3-(3-{2-chloro-6-[methyl-(tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)-amino]-pyrimidin-4-yl}-phenoxy)-propyl]-methyl-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (140 mg, 15% yield). ESI-LCMS (m/z): 411.2 [M+1]⁺.

Step 3: Synthesis of [2-(tert-Butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-3-(3-{4-[methyl-(tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)-amino]-6-pyridin-4-yl-pyrimidin-2-yl}-phenoxy)-propyl]-methyl-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester

To a solution of [2-(tert-Butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-3-(3-{4-chloro-6-[methyl-(tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)-amino]-pyrimidin-2-yl}-phenoxy)-propyl]-methyl-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (160 mg, 0.26 mmol) in degassed dioxane and H₂O (4/1, 25 mL) was added Na₂CO₃ (83 mg, 0.78 mmol); Pd(PPh₃)₄ (30 mg, 0.026 mmol) and pyridin-4-ylboronic acid (64 mg, 0.52 mmol). The system was purged with N₂ stream and the mixture was stirred 100° C. for 2 h., cooled down to room temperature, diluted with water (25 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (25 mL×2). The organic layers were combined, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatographic column on silica gel (petroleum ether/EtOAc=10/1 to 1/1) to give [2-(tert-Butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-3-(3-{4-[methyl-(tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)-amino]-6-pyridin-4-yl-pyrimidin-2-yl}-phenoxy)-propyl]-methyl-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (128 mg, 75% yield). ESI-LCMS (m/z): 664.4 [M+1]⁺.

Step 4: Synthesis of 1-methylamino-3-(3-{4-[methyl-(tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)-amino]-6-pyridin-4-yl-pyrimidin-2-yl}-phenoxy)-propan-2-ol

A solution of [2-(tert-Butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-3-(3-{4-[methyl-(tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)-amino]-6-pyridin-4-yl-pyrimidin-2-yl}-phenoxy)-propyl]-methyl-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (135 mg, 0.20 mmol) was treated with a 2.5 N HCl solution in methanol (10 mL) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 h., concentrated under vacuum and the residue was purified by preparative HPLC to give 1-methylamino-3-(3-{4-[methyl-(tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)-amino]-6-pyridin-4-yl-pyrimidin-2-yl}-phenoxy)-propan-2-ol as white solid (49 mg, 56% yield). ¹HNMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD) δ ppm: 8.72-8.70 (m, 2H), 8.23 (brs, 2H), 8.14-8.10 (m, 2H), 7.43 (t, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.16-7.10 (m, 2H), 4.24-4.18 (m, 1H), 4.15-4.08 (m, 4H), 3.72-3.65 (m, 2H), 3.14 (s, 3H), 3.00-2.85 (m, 2H), 2.56 (s, 3H), 2.09-1.98 (m, 2H), 1.79-1.72 (m, 2H). ESI-LCMS: 450.5 (M+1)⁺.

Example 2 Preparation of 1-Methylamino-3-(3-{6-[methyl-(tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)-amino]-2-pyridin-4-yl-pyrimidin-4-yl}-phenoxy)-propan-2-ol

Step 5: Synthesis of [2-(tert-Butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-3-(3-{4-[methyl-(tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)-amino]-6-pyridin-4-yl-pyrimidin-2-yl}-phenoxy)-propyl]-methyl-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester

To a solution of [2-(tert-Butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-3-(3-{2-chloro-6-[methyl-(tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)-amino]-pyrimidin-4-yl}-phenoxy)-propyl]-methyl-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (160 mg, 0.26 mmol) in degassed dioxane and H₂O (4/1, 25 mL) was added Na₂CO₃ (83 mg, 0.78 mmol); Pd(PPh₃)₄ (30 mg, 0.026 mmol) and pyridin-4-ylboronic acid (64 mg, 0.52 mmol). The system purged with N₂ stream and the mixture was stirred to 100° C. for 2 h., cooled down to room temperature, diluted with water (25 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (25 mL×2). The organic layers were combined, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatographic column on silica gel (petroleum ether/EtOAc=101 to 23) to give [2-(tert-Butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-3-(3-{4-[methyl-(tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)-amino]-6-pyridin-4-yl-pyrimidin-2-yl}-phenoxy)-propyl]-methyl-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (135 mg, 79% yield). ESI-LCMS (m/z): 664.4 [M+1]⁺.

Step 6: Synthesis of 1-Methylamino-3-(3-{6-[methyl-(tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)-amino]-2-pyridin-4-yl-pyrimidin-4-yl}-phenoxy)-propan-2-ol

A solution of [2-(tert-Butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-3-(3-{4-[methyl-(tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)-amino]-6-pyridin-4-yl-pyrimidin-2-yl}-phenoxy)-propyl]-methyl-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (128 mg, 0.19 mmol) was treated with a 2.5 N HCl solution in methanol, (10 mL), and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 h., concentrated under vacuum and the residue was purified by preparative HPLC to give 1-methylamino-3-(3-{6-[methyl-(tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)-amino]-2-pyridin-4-yl-pyrimidin-4-yl}-phenoxy)-propan-2-ol as white solid (52 mg, 57% yield). ¹HNMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD) δ ppm: 8.71 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 2H), 8.47 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 2H), 7.84 (s, 1H), 7.79 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.47-7.43 (m, 1H), 7.13 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.09 (s, 1H), 4.22-4.17 (m, 1H), 4.15-4.09 (m, 4H), 3.74-3.66 (m, 2H), 3.15 (s, 3H), 2.96-2.82 (m, 2H), 2.53 (s, 3H), 2.07-1.97 (m, 2H), 1.78-1.73 (m, 2H); LCMS: 450.3 (M+H)⁺;

Example 3 Preparation of 1-(3-(5-methyl-4-morpholino-6-((R)-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylamino)pyrimidin-2-yl)phenoxy)-3-(methylamino)propan-2-ol

Step 1: Synthesis of (R)-2,6-dichloro-5-methyl-N-(tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)pyrimidin-4-amine

A mixture of 2,4,6-trichloro-5-methylpyrimidine (2 g, 10.2 mmol), (R)-tetrahydrofuran-3-amine hydrochloride (1.12 g, 9.2 mmol) and Et₃N (2.1 g, 20.3 mmol) in EtOH (20 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 14 h., concentrated under vacuum and the residue was purified by chromatographic column on silica gel (EtOAc/petroleum ether, gradient elution, from 1/0 to 2/1) to give the (R)-2,6-dichloro-5-methyl-N-(tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)pyrimidin-4-amine (1.25 g, 53% yield) as a white solid. ESI-LCMS (m/z): 248.1 [M+1]⁺.

Step 2: Synthesis of (R)-3-(4-chloro-5-methyl-6-(tetrahydrofuran-3-ylamino)pyrimidin-2-yl)phenol

To a solution of (R)-2,6-dichloro-5-methyl-N-(tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)pyrimidin-4-amine (1.8 g, 7.3 mmol) in degassed dioxane and H₂O (4/1, 21 mL) was added Na₂CO₃ (1.5 g, 14.5 mmol); Pd(PPh₃)₄ (296 mg, 0.36 mmol) and 3-hydroxy-phenylboronic acid (1.21 g, 8.8 mmol). The system was purged with nitrogen stream and then stirred at 100° C. for 14 h., cooled down to room temperature, diluted with water (30 mL) and the resulting mixture extracted with EtOAc (30 mL×2). The combined organic layer were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatographic column on silica gel (EtOAc/petroleum ether, gradient elution, from 1/10 to 2:1) to give (R)-3-(4-chloro-5-methyl-6-(tetrahydrofuran-3-ylamino)pyrimidin-2-yl)phenol (2.4 g, 33%) as a white solid. ESI-LCMS (m/z): 306.1 [M+1]⁺.

Step 3: Synthesis of (R)-3-(5-methyl-4-morpholino-6-(tetrahydrofuran-3-ylamino)pyrimidin-2-yl)phenol

A mixture of (R)-3-(4-chloro-5-methyl-6-(tetrahydrofuran-3-ylamino)pyrimidin-2-yl)phenol (800 mg, 2.6 mmol); neat morpholine (274 mg, 3.1 mmol) and Na₂CO₃ (556 mg, 5.2 mmol) in EtOH (12 mL) was stirred at 80° C. in a sealed vial for 14 h. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatographic column on silica gel (EtOAc/petroleum ether, gradient elution, from 1/2 to 2/1) to give the (R)-3-(5-methyl-4-morpholino-6-(tetrahydrofuran-3-ylamino)pyrimidin-2-yl)phenol (120 mg, 13% yield) as a light yellow solid. ESI-LCMS (m/z): 357.1 [M+1]⁺.

Step 4: Synthesis of 5-methyl-6-morpholino-2-(3-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)phenyl)-N—((R)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)pyrimidin-4-amine

A mixture of (R)-3-(5-methyl-4-morpholino-6-(tetrahydrofuran-3-ylamino)pyrimidin-2-yl)phenol (50 mg, 0.14 mmol); 2-(chloromethyl)oxirane (16 mg, 0.17 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (39 mg, 0.28 mmol) in MeCN (10 mL) was heated at 80° C. in a sealed vial for 14 h. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatographic column on silica gel (EtOAc/petroleum ether, gradient elution, from 1/5 to 4:1) to give the 5-methyl-6-morpholino-2-(3-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)phenyl)-N—((R)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)pyrimidin-4-amine (20 mg, 34% yield) as a light yellow solid. ESI-LCMS (m/z): 413.2 [M+1]⁺.

Step 5: Synthesis of 1-(3-(5-methyl-4-morpholino-6-((R)-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylamino)pyrimidin-2-yl)phenoxy)-3-(methylamino)propan-2-ol

5-Methyl-6-morpholino-2-(3-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)phenyl)-N—((R)-tetra-hydrofuran-3-yl)pyrimidin-4-amine (20 mg, 0.05 mmol) was dissolved in a 2N MeNH₂ solution in methanol, (10 mL) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 14 h., concentrated under vacuum and the residue was purified by preparative HPLC to obtain the 1-(3-(5-methyl-4-morpholino-6-((R)-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylamino)pyrimidin-2-yl)phenoxy)-3-(methyl-amino)propan-2-ol (8 mg, 37% yield) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD) δ ppm: 8.02-7.96 (m, 2H), 7.34 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.05-7.00 (m, 1H), 4.85-4.80 (m, 1H), 4.20-4.14 (m, 2H), 4.07-4.01 (m, 3H), 3.93-3.84 (m, 5H), 3.78-3.74 (m, 1H), 2.96-2.92 (m, 1H), 2.88-2.82 (m, 1H), 2.53 (s, 3H), 2.42-2.35 (m, 1H), 2.11-2.04 (m, 4H); ESI-LCMS (m/z): 444.3 [M+1]⁺.

Biological Assays

General Materials

S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), bicine, Tween20, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), bovine skin gelatin (BSG), sodium butyrate and Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochloride solution (TCEP) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich at the highest level of purity possible. ³H-SAM was purchase from American Radiolabeled Chemicals with a specific activity of 80 Ci/mmol. 384-well streptavidin Flashplates were purchased from PerkinElmer.

Substrates

Peptide representative of human histone H3 residues 16-30 was synthesized with an N-terminal linker-affinity tag motif and a C-terminal amide cap by 21^(st) Century Biochemicals. The peptide was purified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to greater than 95% purity and confirmed by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The sequence was Biot-Ahx-PRKQLATKAARKSAP-amide and contained a monomethylated arginine at position 26 (SEQ ID NO.:1).

Molecular Biology

Human CARM1 (PRMT4) (NM_199141.1) transcript clone was amplified from an HEK 293 cDNA library, incorporating a flanking 5′ sequence encoding a FLAG tag (MDYKDDDDK) (SEQ ID NO.:2) fused directly to Ala 2 of CARM1 and 3′ sequence encoding a hexa His sequence (EGHHHHHH) (SEQ ID NO.:3) fused directly to Ser 608. The gene sequence encoding isoform1 containing a deletion of amino acids 539-561 was amplified subsequently and subcloned into pFastBacMam (Viva Biotech).

Protein Expression

Recombinant baculovirus were generated according to Bac-to-Bac kit instructions (Life Technologies). Protein over-expression was accomplished by infecting exponentially growing HEK 293F cell culture at 1.3×10⁶ cell/ml with virus (MOI=10) in the presence of 8 mM sodium butyrate. Infections were carried out at 37° C. for 48 hours, harvested by centrifugation, and stored at −80° C. for purification.

Protein Purification

Expressed full-length human Flag- and His-tagged CARM1 protein was purified from cell paste by anti-flag M2 affinity chromatography with resin equilibrated with buffer containing 20 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, 5% glycerol, pH 7.8. Column was washed with 500 mM NaCl in buffer A and Flag-CARM1-His was eluted with 200 ug/ml FLAG peptide in buffer A. Pooled fractions were dialyzed in 20 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, 5% glycerol and 1 mM DTT, pH 7.8. The purity of recovered protein was 94.

Predicted Translations

Flag-CARM1-His (SEQ ID NO.: 4) MDYKDDDDKAAAAAAVGPGAGGAGSAVPGGAGPCATVSVFPGARLLTI GDANGEIQRHAEQQALRLEVRAGPDSAGIALYSHEDVCVFKCSVSRET ECSRVGKQSFIITLGCNSVLIQFATPNDFCSFYNILKTCRGHTLERSV FSERTEESSAVQYFQFYGYLSQQQNMMQDYVRTGTYQRAILQNHTDFK DKIVLDVGCGSGILSFFAAQAGARKIYAVEASTMAQHAEVLVKSNNLT DRIVVIPGKVEEVSLPEQVDIIISEPMGYMLFNERMLESYLHAKKYLK PSGNMFPTIGDVHLAPFTDEQLYMEQFTKANFWYQPSFHGVDLSALRG AAVDEYFRQPVVDTFDIRILMAKSVKYTVNFLEAKEGDLHRIEIPFK FHMLHSGLVHGLAFWFDVAFIGSIMTVWLSTAPTEPLTHWYQVRCLFQ SPLFAKAGDTLSGTCLLIANKRQSYDISIVAQVDQTGSKSSNLLDLKN PFFRYTGTTPSPPPGSHYTSPSENMWNTGSTYNLSSGMAVAGMPTAYD LSSVIASGSSVGHNNLIPLGSSGAQGSGGGSTSAHYAVNSQFTMGGPA ISMASPMSIPTNTMHYGSEGHHHHHH General Procedure for CARM1 Enzyme Assays on Peptide Substrates

The assays were all performed in a buffer consisting of 20 mM Bicine (pH=7.6), 1 mM TCEP, 0.005% BSG, and 0.002% Tween 20, prepared on the day of use. Compounds in 100% DMSO (1 ul) were spotted into a polypropylene 384-well V-bottom plates (Greiner) using a Platemate Plus outfitted with a 384-channel head (Thermo Scientific). DMSO (1 ul) was added to Columns 11, 12, 23, 24, rows A-H for the maximum signal control and 1 ul of SAH, a known product and inhibitor of CARM1, was added to columns 11, 12, 23, 24, rows I-P for the minimum signal control. A cocktail (40 ul) containing the CARM1 enzyme was added by Multidrop Combi (Thermo-Fisher). The compounds were allowed to incubate with CARM1 for 30 min at room temperature, then a cocktail (10 ul) containing ³H-SAM and peptide was added to initiate the reaction (final volume=51 ul). The final concentrations of the components were as follows: CARM1 was 0.25 nM, ³H-SAM was 30 nM, peptide was 250 nM, SAH in the minimum signal control wells was 1 mM, and the DMSO concentration was 2%. The assays were stopped by the addition of non-radiolabeled SAM (10 ul) to a final concentration of 300 uM, which dilutes the ³H-SAM to a level where its incorporation into the peptide substrate is no longer detectable. 50 ul of the reaction in the 384-well polypropylene plate was then transferred to a 384-well Flashplate and the biotinylated peptides were allowed to bind to the streptavidin surface for at least 1 hour before being washed once with 0.1% Tween20 in a Biotek ELx405 plate washer. The plates were then read in a PerkinElmer TopCount plate reader to measure the quantity of ³H-labeled peptide bound to the Flashplate surface, measured as disintegrations per minute (dpm) or alternatively, referred to as counts per minute (cpm).

${\%\mspace{14mu}{inhibition}\mspace{14mu}{calculation}\mspace{14mu}\%\mspace{14mu}{inh}} = {100 - {\left( \frac{{dpm}_{cmpd} - {dpm}_{m\; i\; n}}{{dpm}_{{ma}\; x} - {dpm}_{m\; i\; n}} \right) \times 100}}$ where dpm=disintegrations per minute, cmpd=signal in assay well, and min and max are the respective minimum and maximum signal controls.

${{parameter}\mspace{14mu}{IC}_{50}\mspace{14mu}{fit}\mspace{14mu} Y} = {{Bottom} + \frac{\left( {{Top} - {Bottom}} \right)}{\left( {1 + \left( \frac{X}{{IC}_{50}} \right)^{{Hill}\mspace{14mu}{Coefficient}}} \right.}}$ where top and bottom are the normally allowed to float, but may be fixed at 100 or 0 respectively in a 3-parameter fit. The Hill Coefficient normally allowed to float but may also be fixed at 1 in a 3-parameter fit. Y is the % inhibition and X is the compound concentration. RKO methylation assay

RKO adherent cells were purchased from ATCC (American Type Culture Collection), Manassas, Va., USA. DMEM/Glutamax medium, penicillin-streptomycin, heat inactivated fetal bovine serum, 0.05% trypsin and D-PBS were purchased from Life Technologies, Grand Island, N.Y., USA. Odyssey blocking buffer, 800CW goat anti-rabbit IgG (H+L) antibody, and Licor Odyssey infrared scanner were purchased from Licor Biosciences, Lincoln, Nebr., USA. Asymmetric di-methyl PABP1 antibody was purchased from Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, Mass., USA. Methanol was purchased from VWR, Franklin, Mass., USA. 10% Tween 20 was purchased from KPL, Inc., Gaithersburg, Md., USA. Paraformaldehyde (PFA) was purchased from EM Sciences. DRAQ5 was purchased from Biostatus Limited, Leicestershire, UK.

RKO adherent cells were maintained in growth medium (DMEM/Glutamax medium supplemented with 10% v/v heat inactivated fetal bovine serum and 100 units/mL penicillin-streptomycin) and cultured at 37° C. under 5% CO₂

Cell treatment, In Cell Western (ICW) for detection of asymmetric di-methyl PABP1 and DNA content: RKO cells were seeded in assay medium at a concentration of 30,000 cells per mL to a poly-D-lysine coated 384 well culture plate (BD Biosciences 356697) with 50 μL per well. Compound (100 nL) from a 96-well source plate was added directly to 384 well cell plate. Plates were incubated at 37° C., 5% CO₂ for 48 hours. After two days of incubation, plates were brought to room temperature outside of the incubator for ten minutes and blotted on paper towels to remove cell media. Cells were fixed for 20 minutes at room temperature by adding 50 ul of 8% PFA followed by aspiration of supernatant with the Biotek EL406 plate washer. Cells were then permeabilized by addition of 50 μL of ice cold 100% methanol directly to each well and incubated for 30 min at room temperature. After 30 min, plates were transferred to a Biotek EL406 plate washer and washed 2 times with 100 μL per well of wash buffer (1×PBS). Next 60 μL per well of Odyssey blocking buffer (Odyssey Buffer with 0.1% Tween 20 (v/v)) were added to each plate and incubated 1 hour at room temperature. Blocking buffer was removed and 20 μL per well of primary antibody was added (asymmetric-methyl PABP1) diluted 1:400 in Odyssey buffer with 0.1% Tween 20 (v/v)) and plates were incubated overnight (16 hours) at 4° C. Plates were washed 5 times with 100 μL per well of wash buffer. Next 20 μL per well of secondary antibody was added (1:800 800CW goat anti-rabbit IgG (H+L) antibody, 1:2000 DRAQ5 in Odyssey buffer with 0.1% Tween 20 (v/v)) and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature. The plates were washed 5 times with 100 μL per well wash buffer then 2 times with 100 μL per well of water. Plates were allowed to dry at room temperature then imaged on the Licor Odyssey machine which measures integrated intensity at 700 nm and 800 nm wavelengths. Both 700 and 800 channels were scanned.

Calculations.

First, the ratio for each well was determined by:

$\left( \frac{{asymmetric}\mspace{14mu}{di}\text{-}{methyl}\mspace{14mu}{PABP}\; 1\; 800\mspace{14mu}{nm}\mspace{14mu}{value}}{{DRAQ}\; 5700\mspace{14mu}{nm}\mspace{14mu}{value}} \right)$

Each plate included fourteen control wells of DMSO only treatment (minimum inhibition) as well as fourteen control wells for maximum inhibition treated with 20 μM of a reference compound. The average of the ratio values for each control type was calculated and used to determine the percent activation for each test well in the plate. Reference compound was serially diluted three-fold in DMSO for a total of nine test concentrations, beginning at 20 μM.

Percent inhibition was determined and IC₅₀ curves were generated using triplicate wells per concentration of compound.

${{Percent}\mspace{14mu}{Inhibition}} = {100 - \left( {\left( \frac{\begin{matrix} {\left( {{Minimum}\mspace{14mu}{Inhibition}\mspace{14mu}{Ratio}} \right) -} \\ \left( {{Individual}\mspace{14mu}{Test}\mspace{14mu}{Sample}\mspace{14mu}{Ratio}} \right) \end{matrix}}{\begin{matrix} {\left( {{Minimum}\mspace{14mu}{Inhibition}\mspace{14mu}{Ratio}} \right) -} \\ \left( {{Maximum}\mspace{14mu}{Inhibition}\mspace{14mu}{Ratio}} \right) \end{matrix}} \right)*100} \right)}$

TABLE 3 Biochemical potencies Compound Biochem IC₅₀  1-1 A  2-1 A  3-1 A  4-1 E  5-1 D  6-1 B  7-1 B  8-1 B  9-1 A 10-1 A 11-1 A 12-1 B 13-1 A 14-1 A 15-1 A 16-1 B 17-1 C 18-1 A 19-1 A 20-1 A 21-1 B 22-1 A 23-1 B 24-1 A 25-1 A 26-1 A 27-1 B 28-1 B 29-1 A 30-1 B 31-1 B 32-1 A 33-1 A 34-1 A 35-1 B 36-1 A 37-1 A 38-1 B 39-1 B 40-1 B 41-1 A 42-1 A 43-1 B 44-1 B 45-1 A 46-1 A 47-1 B 48-1 A 49-1 A 50-1 A 51-1 B 52-1 B 53-1 A 54-1 B 55-1 A 56-1 A 57-1 A 58-1 B 59-1 A 60-1 A 61-1 C 62-1 A 63-1 B 64-1 A 65-1 B 66-1 B 67-1 B 68-1 B 69-1 B 70-1 A 71-1 A 72-1 B 73-1 B 74-1 B 75-1 B  1-2 B  2-2 A  3-2 B  4-2 A  5-2 A  6-2 A  7-2 B  8-2 A  9-2 B 10-2 B 11-2 B 12-2 B 13-2 B 14-2 A 15-2 A 16-2 A Classification codes for biochemical potencies: A: IC₅₀ < 0.1 uM B: 0.1 uM ≦ IC₅₀ < 1 uM C: 1 uM ≦ IC₅₀ < 3 uM D: 3 uM ≦ IC₅₀ < 10 uM E: 10 uM < IC₅₀

TABLE 4 Cellular potencies Compound Cellular IC₅₀  3-1 B 26-1 C 33-1 A 40-1 B 41-1 C 51-1 C 52-1 C 70-1 C Classification codes for cellular potencies: A: IC₅₀ < 5 uM B: 5 uM ≦ IC₅₀ < 10 uM C: 10 uM ≦ IC₅₀ < 20 uM

Other Embodiments

The foregoing has been a description of certain nonlimiting embodiments of the invention. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that various changes and modifications to this description may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention, as defined in the following claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound of Formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein: X is —O—, —S—, or —CH₂—; R¹ is hydrogen or optionally substituted C₁₋₄ aliphatic; each of R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) is independently hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —C(═O)R^(A2), —C(═O)OR^(A2), —C(═O)N(R^(A2))₂, —OR^(A2), —SR^(A), —N(R^(A2))₂, —S(═O)R^(A2), —S(═O)₂R^(A2), optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, or optionally substituted heterocyclyl, wherein each instance of R^(A2) is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl, or two R^(A2) groups attached to the same nitrogen atom are joined to form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl ring; Ring HET is a 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring system of the formula:

each instance of R⁸, R¹⁰, R¹¹, and R¹² is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, —CN, —NO₂, —C(═O)R′, —C(═O)OR′, —C(═O)N(R′)₂, optionally substituted alkyl, and -L¹-R³; each instance of R′ is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl, or two R′ groups attached to the same nitrogen are joined to form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl ring or optionally substituted heteroaryl ring; each instance of L¹ and L² is independently a bond, —O—, —N(R^(L))—, —S—, —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)S—, —C(O)N(R^(L))—, —C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—, —OC(O)—, —OC(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—, —SC(O)—, —C(═NR^(L))—, —C(═NNR^(L))—, —C(═NOR^(L))—, —C(═NR^(L))N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(═NR^(L))—, —C(S)—, —C(S)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(S)—, —S(O)—, —OS(O)₂—, —S(O)₂O—, —SO₂—, —N(R^(L))SO₂—, —SO₂N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—, or an optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon chain, wherein one or more moieties selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R^(L))—, —S—, —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)S—, —C(O)N(R^(L))—, —C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—, —OC(O)—, —OC(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—, —SC(O)—, —C(═NR^(L))—, —C(═NNR^(L))—, —C(═NOR^(L))—, —C(═NR^(L))N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(═NR^(L))—, —C(S)—, —C(S)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(S)—, —S(O)—, —OS(O)₂—, —S(O)₂O—, —SO₂—, —N(R^(L))SO₂—, —SO₂N(R^(L))—, and —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))— is optionally and independently present between two carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon chain, and is optionally and independently present at one or both ends of the hydrocarbon chain; each R^(L) is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group, or R^(L) and R³ taken together form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, or R^(L) and R¹³ taken together form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl ring; R³ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl, provided when R³ is hydrogen, then L¹ is not a bond; and R¹³ is optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl.
 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is —O—.
 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is —S— or —CH₂—.
 4. The compound of claim 1, wherein Ring HET is:


5. The compound of claim 1, wherein Ring HET is:


6. The compound of claim 1, wherein R¹ is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, or cyclopropyl.
 7. The compound of claim 1, wherein R^(2a), R^(2b), and R^(2d) are hydrogen.
 8. The compound of claim 1, wherein at least one of R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) is halo.
 9. The compound of claim 1, wherein L² is a bond, —N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)O—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—O—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—, —(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)—, —NR^(L)C(O)O(CH₂)_(x)—, —NR^(L)C(O)NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)—, or —NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)NR^(L)C(O)—, wherein x is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or
 10. 10. The compound of claim 1, wherein R¹³ is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein: each instance of

independently represents a single or double bond; m is 0, 1, 2, or 3; each instance of R^(13A) is independently hydroxyl, substituted hydroxyl, thiol, substituted thiol, amino, substituted amino, carbonyl, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, —CN, —NO₂, halogen, or optionally substituted alkyl, or two R^(13A) groups are joined to form an optionally substituted carbocyclic, optionally substituted heterocyclic, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, or R^(13A) and R^(13B) group are joined to form an optionally substituted carbocyclic, optionally substituted heterocyclic, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl ring; and R^(3B) and R^(13B) are independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group.
 11. The compound of claim 1, wherein Ring HET comprises a group -L¹-R³ is attached thereto.
 12. The compound of claim 11, wherein L¹ is a bond, —N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)O—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—O—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—, —(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)—, —NR^(L)C(O)O (CH₂)_(x)—, —NR^(L)C(O)NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)—, or —NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)NR^(L)C(O)—, wherein x is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or
 10. 13. The compound of claim 11, wherein R³ is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein: each instance of

independently represents a single or double bond; n is 0, 1, 2, or 3; each instance of R^(3A) is independently hydroxyl, substituted hydroxyl, thiol, substituted thiol, amino, substituted amino, carbonyl, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, —CN, —NO₂, halogen, or optionally substituted alkyl, or two R^(3A) groups are joined to form an optionally substituted carbocyclic, optionally substituted heterocyclic, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, or R^(3A) and R^(3B) groups are joined to form an optionally substituted carbocyclic, optionally substituted heterocyclic, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl ring; and R^(3B) is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group.
 14. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 15. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
 16. The compound of claim 1, wherein Ring HET is a 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring system of the formula:

each instance of R⁸, R¹⁰, and R¹² is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, —CN, —NO₂, —C(═O)R′, —C(═O)OR′, —C(═O)N(R′)₂, and optionally substituted alkyl; R¹¹ is -L¹-R³; and R³ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl.
 17. A compound of Formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein: X is —O—, —S—, or —CH₂—; R¹ is hydrogen or optionally substituted C₁₋₄ aliphatic; each of R^(2a),R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) is independently hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —C(═O)R^(A2), —C(═O)OR^(A2), —C(═O)N(R^(A2))₂, —OR^(A2), —SR^(A2), —N(R^(A2))₂, —S(═O)R^(A2), —S(═O)₂R^(A2), optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, or optionally substituted heterocyclyl, wherein each instance of R^(A2) is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl, or two R^(A2) groups attached to the same nitrogen atom are joined to form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl ring; Ring HET is a 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring system of the formula:

wherein: G₈ is C—R⁸ or N; G₁₀ is C—R¹⁰ or N; G₁₁ is C—R¹¹ or N; G₁₂ is C—R¹² or N; provided at least one instance of G₈, G₁₀, G₁₁, or G₁₂ is N; each instance of R⁸, R¹⁰, R¹¹, and R¹² is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, —CN, —NO₂, —C(═O)R′, —C(═O)OR′, —C(═O)N(R′)₂, optionally substituted alkyl, and -L¹-R³; each instance of R′ is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl, or two R′ groups attached to the same nitrogen are joined to form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl ring or optionally substituted heteroaryl ring; each instance of L¹ and L² is independently a bond, —O—, —N(R^(L))—, —S—, —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)S—, —C(O)N(R^(L))—, —C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—, —OC(O)—, —OC(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—, —SC(O)—, —C(═NR^(L))—, —C(═NNR^(L))—, —C(═NOR^(L))—, —C(═NR^(L))N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(═NR^(L))—, —C(S)—, —C(S)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(S)—, —S(O)—, —OS(O)₂—, —S(O)₂O—, —SO₂—, —N(R^(L))SO₂—, —SO₂N(R¹)—, —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R¹)—, or an optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon chain, wherein one or more moieties selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R^(L))—, —S—, —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)S—, —C(O)N(R^(L))—, —C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—, —OC(O)—, —OC(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—, —SC(O)—, —C(═NR^(L))—, —C(═NNR^(L))—, —C(═NOR^(L))—, —C(═NR^(L))N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(═NR^(L))—, —C(S)—, —C(S)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(S)—, —S(O)—, —OS(O)₂—, —S(O)₂O—, —SO₂—, —N(R^(L))SO₂—, —SO₂N(R^(L))—, and —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))— is optionally and independently present between two carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon chain, and is optionally and independently present at one or both ends of the hydrocarbon chain; each R^(L) is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group, or R^(L) and R³ taken together form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, or R^(L) and R¹³ taken together form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl ring; R³ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or aryl unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —N₃, —SO₂H, —SO₃H, —OH, —OR^(aa), —N(R^(bb))₂, —SH, —SR^(aa), —C(═O)R^(aa), —CO₂H, —CHO, —CO₂R^(aa), —OC(═O)R^(aa), —OCO₂R^(aa), —C(═O)N(R^(bb))₂, —OC(═O)N(R^(bb))₂, C₁ alkyl, C₁ perhaloalkyl, C₂₋₄ alkenyl, and C₂₋₄ alkynyl, provided when R³ is hydrogen, then L¹ is not a bond; and R¹³ is optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or aryl unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —N₃, —SO₂H, —SO₃H, —OH, —OR^(aa), —N(R^(bb))₂, —SH, —SR^(aa), —C(═O)R^(aa), —CO₂H, —CHO, —CO₂R^(aa), —OC(═O)R^(aa), —OCO₂R^(aa), —C(═O)N(R^(bb))₂, —OC(═O)N(R^(bb))₂, C₁ alkyl, C₁ perhaloalkyl, C₂₋₄ alkenyl, and C₂₋₄ alkynyl; wherein: each instance of R^(aa) is, independently, C₁ alkyl; and each instance of R^(bb) is, independently, hydrogen or C₁ alkyl, or two R^(bb) groups are joined to form a 3-6 membered heterocyclyl or 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring.
 18. The compound of claim 17, wherein X is —O—.
 19. The compound of claim 17, wherein X is —S— or —CH₂—.
 20. The compound of claim 17, wherein Ring HET is:


21. The compound of claim 17, wherein Ring HET is:


22. The compound of claim 17, wherein Ring HET is a 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring system of the formula:

each instance of R⁸, R¹⁰, and R¹² is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, —CN, —NO₂, —C(═O)R′, —C(═O)OR′, —C(═O)N(R′)₂, and optionally substituted alkyl; R¹¹ is -L¹-R³; and R³ is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl or aryl unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —N₃, —SO₂H, —SO₃H, —OH, —OR^(aa), —N(R^(bb))₂, —SH, —SR^(aa), —C(═O)R^(aa), —CO₂H, —CHO, —CO₂R^(aa), —OC(═O)R^(aa), —OCO₂R^(aa), —C(═O)N(R^(bb))₂, —OC(═O)N(R^(bb))₂, C₁ alkyl, C₁ perhaloalkyl, C₂ alkenyl, and C₂ alkynyl.
 23. The compound of claim 17, wherein R¹ is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, or cyclopropyl.
 24. The compound of claim 17, wherein R^(2a), R^(2b), and R^(2d) are hydrogen.
 25. The compound of claim 17, wherein at least one of R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), and R^(2d) is halo.
 26. The compound of claim 17, wherein L² is a bond, —N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)O—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—O—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—, —(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)—, —NR^(L)C(O)O(CH₂)_(x)—, —NR^(L)C(O)NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)—, or —NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)NR^(L)C(O)—, wherein x is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or
 10. 27. The compound of claim 17, wherein R¹³ is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein: each instance of

independently represents a single or double bond; m is 0, 1, 2, or 3; each instance of R^(13A) is independently hydroxyl, substituted hydroxyl, thiol, substituted thiol, amino, substituted amino, carbonyl, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, —CN, —NO₂, halogen, or optionally substituted alkyl, or two R^(13A) groups are joined to form an optionally substituted carbocyclic, optionally substituted heterocyclic, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, or R^(13A) and R^(13B) group are joined to form an optionally substituted carbocyclic, optionally substituted heterocyclic, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl ring; and R^(3b) and R^(13B) are independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group.
 28. The compound of claim 17, wherein Ring HET comprises a group -L¹-R³ is attached thereto.
 29. The compound of claim 28, wherein L¹ is a bond, —N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)C(O)O—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))—, —N(R^(L))SO₂N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)O—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—O—, —NR^(L)C(O)N(R^(L))—, —NR^(L)—(CH₂)_(x)—, —(CH₂)_(x)—NR^(L)—, —NR^(L)C(O)O(CH₂)_(x)—, —NR^(L)C(O)NR^(L)(CH₂)_(x)—, or —NR^(L)(CH₂)—NR^(L)C(O)—, wherein x is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or
 10. 30. The compound of claim 28, wherein R³ is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein: each instance of

independently represents a single or double bond; n is 0, 1, 2, or 3; each instance of R^(3A) is independently hydroxyl, substituted hydroxyl, thiol, substituted thiol, amino, substituted amino, carbonyl, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, —CN, —NO₂, halogen, or optionally substituted alkyl, or two R^(3A) groups are joined to form an optionally substituted carbocyclic, optionally substituted heterocyclic, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, or R^(3A) and R^(3B) groups are joined to form an optionally substituted carbocyclic, optionally substituted heterocyclic, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl ring; and R^(3B) is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group.
 31. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 17 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
 32. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 14 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. 